Terms : Hide Images
| 20054847 | cognition | the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating | |
| 20054848 | concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people | |
| 20054849 | prototype | a mental image or best example of a category. | |
| 20054850 | algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. | |
| 20054851 | heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. | |
| 20054852 | insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions. | |
| 20054853 | confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions. | |
| 20054854 | fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving. | |
| 20054855 | mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. | |
| 20054856 | functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving. | |
| 20054857 | representativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information. | |
| 20054858 | availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common. | |
| 20054859 | overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgements. | |
| 20145527 | framing | the way an issue is poised; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements. | |
| 20145528 | belief bias | the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid. | |
| 20145529 | belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. | |
| 20145530 | language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. | |
| 20145531 | phoneme | in a language,the smallest distinctive sound unit. | |
| 20145532 | morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix). | |
| 20145533 | grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. | |
| 20145534 | semantics | the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning. | |
| 20145535 | syntax | the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language | |
| 20145536 | babbling stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. | |
| 20145537 | one-word stage | the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. | |
| 20145538 | two-word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements. | |
| 20145539 | telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram - "go car" - using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words. | |
| 20145540 | linguistic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. |
