Terms : Hide Images
| 13881035121 | calkins | First woman president of APA | 0 | |
| 13881068656 | washburn | first women president to receive PHD in psych | 1 | |
| 13881073169 | structuralism | mental and simple elements, introspection | 2 | |
| 13881081012 | functionalism | adapt, psychological processes have functions that help survive | 3 | |
| 13881095917 | basic research fields | aims to increase scientific knowledge base | 4 | |
| 13881100862 | applied fields | scientific study aimed to solve practical problems | 5 | |
| 13881116677 | dependent variable | variable that is measured | 6 | |
| 13881124263 | independent variable | variable that changes something | 7 | |
| 13881129898 | barnum effect | people identify with general and vague personality descriptions, generic assumptions | 8 | |
| 13881144310 | standard deviation | a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score | 9 | |
| 13881150282 | positive skew |  | 10 | |
| 13881154101 | negative skew |  | 11 | |
| 13881159604 | normal distribution curve |  | 12 | |
| 13881165374 | descriptive statistics | numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation. | 13 | |
| 13881169357 | inferential statistics | generalize, numerical data that allow one to generalize- infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population | 14 | |
| 13881182766 | liklihood that result will happen by chance | what does statistically significant mean? | 15 | |
| 13881192064 | 1. informed consent 2. debriefing 3. protection from harm 4. confidentiality | ethical guidelines for human research | 16 | |
| 13881205336 | threshold | minimum level of a stimulus required to activate a neuron | 17 | |
| 13881212477 | reuptake | when excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron | 18 | |
| 13881216105 | agonist | molecules that bind to receptor and mimic its effects | 19 | |
| 13881221663 | antagonist | molecules that bind to receptor but block a neurotransmitter from functioning | 20 | |
| 13881233223 | peripheral nervous system | the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body | 21 | |
| 13881245551 | somatic nervous system | controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles | 22 | |
| 13881249722 | CT (CAT) | a series of X-RAY photographs taken from different angles | 23 | |
| 13881262167 | PET | a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of GLUCOSE goes while the brain performs a given task | 24 | |
| 13881276014 | MRI and fMRI | uses magnetic fields to show structure | 25 | |
| 13881281898 | pons | deals with sleep, breathing, and some senses | 26 | |
| 13881285058 | medulla | controls heartbeat and breathing | 27 | |
| 13881288996 | reticular formation | -activates all levels of consciousness -enables arousal/ alertness | 28 | |
| 13881313525 | thalamus | sensory switchboard, messages crossover one side of body to the other | 29 | |
| 13881335598 | frontal lobe | involved in muscle movement, speaking, making plans, and personality | 30 | |
| 13881348546 | parietal lobe | receives sensory input for touch and body position | 31 | |
| 13881357878 | temporal | where is wernicke's area? | 32 | |
| 13881365025 | pituitary gland | regulates growth | 33 | |
| 13881367951 | heritability | The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied. | 34 | |
| 13881375433 | epigenetics | the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change | 35 | |
| 13881954859 | sensation | receive and represent | 36 | |
| 13881957207 | perception | personal, organizing and interpreting | 37 | |
| 13881966098 | bottum-up processing | fresh eyes, assembling and integrating information | 38 | |
| 13881974167 | Top-down processing | using models, ideas, and expectations to interpret sensory information | 39 | |
| 13881982167 | absolute threshold | the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time, FECHNER | 40 | |
| 13881988181 | weber's law | the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) | 41 | |
| 13881997303 | perceptual set | what we expect to see, which influences what we do see | 42 | |
| 13882002467 | transduction | changing outside force and changing it into a neural impulse | 43 | |
| 13882009467 | color/ hue | wavelength/ frequency (in vision/ hearing) determines | 44 | |
| 13882014020 | intesnity / brightness | amplitude/ height (in vision/ hearing) determines | 45 | |
| 13882026845 | retina | contains receptor cells that begin visual processing | 46 | |
| 13882034309 | cornea | eyes transparent protector | 47 | |
| 13882037442 | iris | controls size of pupil opening | 48 | |
| 13882044052 | feature detectors | nerve cells in visual cortex that respond to shape, angles, and movement - hubel and wiesel | 49 | |
| 13882073140 | frequency theory | brain reads pitch by RATE of neural impulses in cochlea | 50 | |
| 13882096144 | visual cliff | -depth perception at young age -gibson and walk -baby won't walk across the table because depth drops | 51 | |
| 13882115644 | phi phenomenon | a series of light bulbs turned on and off at a particular rate will appear to be one moving light | 52 | |
| 13882122389 | stroboscopic effect | images in a series of still pictures presented at a certain speed will appear to be moving | 53 | |
| 13882128744 | human factors pyschology | explores how people and machines interact | 54 | |
| 13882206311 | NREM 1 | slow breathing and irregular brain waves, sensations of falling | 55 | |
| 13882211370 | NREM 2 | rapid, rhythmic brain activity: sleep spindles | 56 | |
| 13882214593 | NREM 3 | delta waves, wet bed, sleep talking (PHYSICAL BODY) | 57 | |
| 13882222578 | REM | DREAM, good for mental health, paradoxical sleep, 100 minutes (MENTAL BODY) | 58 | |
| 13882243906 | sleep apnea | a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings | 59 | |
| 13882252056 | manifest content of dreams | the remembered story line of a dream | 60 | |
| 13882255976 | latent content of dreams | the underlying meaning of a dream, Freud | 61 | |
| 13882264664 | activation synthesis theory | dreams are caused by widespread, random activation of neural circuitry (random visual memories in which sleeping brain weaves into stories) | 62 | |
| 13882287603 | social influence theory | hypnotic subjects may simply be imaginative actors playing a social role | 63 | |
| 13882295150 | Dissociation (divided consciousness) theory | a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others, hidden observer is aware HILGARD | 64 | |
| 13882383639 | contingency model | -Rescorla -organism must realize one stimuli RELIABLY PREDICTS another | 65 | |
| 13882399356 | operant conditioning | -SKINNER -type of learning when frequency of behavior is determined by consequence | 66 | |
| 13882411692 | law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely | 67 | |
| 13882423461 | latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it | 68 | |
| 13882429707 | mirror neurons | Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy. | 69 | |
| 13882439239 | insight learning | a sudden realization of a solution to a problem or leap in understanding new concepts (AHA moment) | 70 | |
| 13882452731 | sensory memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system (goes further if it is INTERESTING or PERSONAL) | 71 | |
| 13882464985 | short term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten - GEORGE MILLER | 72 | |
| 13882474001 | automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency | 73 | |
| 13882478938 | effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort, REHEARSAL often needed | 74 | |
| 13882493431 | elaborative processing | deep processing, encode semantically, use self-reference effect to make it personal | 75 | |
| 13882507844 | implicit memory | skills and procedures, cerebellum, basal ganglia | 76 | |
| 13882518180 | facts | semantic= | 77 | |
| 13914804345 | priming cues | the activation of particular associations in memory (sounds, smells, vision) | 78 | |
| 13914828128 | loftus | misinformation effect= | 79 | |
| 13914839073 | concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people | 80 | |
| 13914845694 | prototype | a mental image or best example of a category | 81 | |
| 13914871966 | confirmation bias | seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes | 82 | |
| 13914876694 | belief perseverance | tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them | 83 | |
| 13914886676 | representative heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes | 84 | |
| 13914886677 | availibility heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory | 85 | |
| 13915880608 | chomsky | -children are prewired with a capability to learn -nativist theory: we have a language acquisition device -optimal time to learn language | 86 | |
| 13915927048 | linguistic determinism | -the idea that our specific language determines how we think -WHORF | 87 | |
| 13915963429 | Yerkes-Dodson Law | performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases | 88 | |
| 13915976994 | setpoint | -the point at which an individuals "weight" thermostat is supposedly set -when body falls below this weight, it will increase in hunger and lower metabolic rate to restore lost weight | 89 | |
| 13916174679 | directive | task leadership= | 90 | |
| 13916186014 | industrial-organizational psychology | the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces | 91 | |
| 13920286308 | james lange theory | physiological arousal before emotion | 92 | |
| 13920291057 | cannon-bard theory | emotion comes simultaneously with arousal | 93 | |
| 13920307875 | schachter-singer theory | thinking affects emotion, body response AND thought process | 94 | |
| 13920355364 | adaptation-level phenomenon | tendency to form judgements relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience (gets new phone but then gets new to it, wants more) | 95 | |
| 13920360855 | relative deprivation | perception that you are worse off when compared to others | 96 | |
| 13920374352 | (Hans Selye) Alarm-sudden act of sympathetic nervous system, Resistance-you face challenge (BP rises), Exhaustion- more vulnerable to illness | GAS stages | 97 | |
| 13920399031 | type A | impatient, verbally aggressive, and always pushing themselves and others to achieve | 98 | |
| 13920399032 | type B | Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people | 99 | |
| 13920405172 | psychophysiological illness | a real illness caused in part by psychological factors such as the experience of stress ("mind-body") | 100 | |
| 13920420555 | maturation | biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience | 101 | |
| 13920429242 | temperament | a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity | 102 | |
| 13920441075 | sensorimotor stage | experience world through senses and actions- object permanence, stranger anxiety (birth- 2 yrs) | 103 | |
| 13920450058 | preoperational stage | represent things with words and images- pretend play, egocentrism, stranger anxiety (about 2-6/7) | 104 | |
| 13920463054 | concrete operational | thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations (6/7-11 years old) | 105 | |
| 13920489800 | formal operational | abstract reasoning | 106 | |
| 13920494601 | theory of mind | people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict. | 107 | |
| 13920501927 | jean piaget | -underestimated children -development is more continuous -age and physical environment | 108 | |
| 13920506771 | lev vygotsky | kids learn in context of social communication, social impact, language, and inner speech | 109 | |
| 13920527095 | mary ainsworth | studies mothers and infants at home and then at a social setting, secure attachments- kids play with other kids | 110 | |
| 13920537736 | 1. body contact 2. familiarity 3. responsiveness | what does a baby need? | 111 | |
| 13920547572 | lorenz | imprinting- goslings imprint and then follow first large object they see | 112 | |
| 13920558361 | pre-conventional level of morality | self-interest, avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards | 113 | |
| 13920566604 | conventional level of morality | law and social order | 114 | |
| 13920570427 | post-conventional | abstract principles, basic rights and personal ethic principles | 115 | |
| 13920580247 | erikson | who studies psychosocial development? | 116 | |
| 13920584095 | prospective memory | "remembering to remember", declines as people age | 117 | |
| 13920604367 | alfred adler | Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order | 118 | |
| 13920607299 | carl jung | neo-Freudian who created concept of "collective unconscious", a shared inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history | 119 | |
| 13920621271 | karney horney | anxiety and personality driven by social tensions, studied by a child's sense of helplessness | 120 | |
| 13920640414 | rorschach inkblot test | the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots | 121 | |
| 13920643194 | TAT test | people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes | 122 | |
| 13920647745 | Rogers | AGE | 123 | |
| 13920654599 | hans eysenck and theory | personality and traits are a function of 2 basic dimensions, factor analysis (unstable/ stable- introverted/ extroverted) | 124 | |
| 13920677027 | reaction formation | switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites | 125 | |
| 13920679905 | projection | disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others | 126 | |
| 13920683246 | displacement | shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person | 127 | |
| 13920686067 | rationalization | offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions | 128 | |
| 13920708569 | Paul Costa & Robert McCrae | BIG 5, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion | 129 | |
| 13920715363 | bandura | social cognitive perspective, believed personality is influenced by the interaction of people's traits and their environment | 130 | |
| 13920730961 | personality stems from a mixture of environment, personality, and behavior (EPB) | what is reciprocal determinism | 131 | |
| 13920743314 | self-efficacy | one's sense of competence and effectiveness, bandura says this affects our personality | 132 | |
| 13920760178 | oral (sarcastic/ overeater), anal (OCD), phallic (genitals-bathroom), latency, (identification) genital | psychosexual stages | 133 | |
| 13920778392 | fixation | a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved | 134 | |
| 13920782912 | empirically derived test | all test items have been selected to because they predictably match the qualities being assessed | 135 | |
| 13920791389 | self-serving bias | a readiness to perceive oneself favorably | 136 | |
| 13920796853 | factor analysis | a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score. | 137 | |
| 13920807605 | Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence | analytical, creative, practical | 138 | |
| 13920812346 | francis galton | -biology -success is run in families bc success is run by generations -intelligence governed by heredity | 139 | |
| 13920821304 | alfred binet | -mental age -first IQ test | 140 | |
| 13920825068 | lous terman | -brought IQ test to the U.S. -measured IQ intelligence quotient= mental age/ chronological age x 100 | 141 | |
| 13920846653 | standarization | defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group | 142 | |
| 13920849806 | flynn effect | every decade in every country, IQ scores tend to go up | 143 | |
| 13920851963 | content/ face validity | the test correlates well with the actual trait (criterion) being measured | 144 | |
| 13920857911 | predictive validity | the test accurately predicts future performance | 145 | |
| 13920865011 | intellectual disability | IQ around 70 or below | 146 | |
| 13920872028 | Gifted ability | IQ > 135 | 147 | |
| 13920878076 | crystallized intelligence | accumulated knowledge reflected in vocabulary and analogies, once you hit 20 days- stays the same | 148 | |
| 13920888323 | fluid intelligence | ability to reason speedily and abstractly | 149 | |
| 13920905787 | self-fulfilling prophecy | a belief that leads to its own fulfillment | 150 | |
| 13920909449 | sterotype threat | a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative sterotype (girls are told they do worse than boys on tests so then they do worse) | 151 | |
| 13921038431 | somatic symptom disorder | disorder in which the symptoms take a bodily form without physical causes, medically unexplained (maybe due to chronic stress) | 152 | |
| 13921055251 | illness anxiety disorder | hypochondriac | 153 | |
| 13921062400 | major depressive disorder | -2 weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest | 154 | |
| 13921077423 | delusion | false belief | 155 | |
| 13921077424 | hallucinations | false perceptions | 156 | |
| 13921084132 | antisocial personality disorder | -no consciousness, failure to obey laws, lying, manipulation | 157 | |
| 13921091726 | borderline PD | unstable relationships, self-image, and affect (more females) | 158 | |
| 13921094910 | histrionic personality disorder | excessive emotionality and attention seeking | 159 | |
| 13921099669 | Avoident PD | don't feel good enough | 160 | |
| 13921101700 | schizoid PD | detachment from social relationships and limited emotion | 161 | |
| 13921106430 | diathesis-stress model | suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress (vulnerability, genetic predisposition, susceptibility) | 162 | |
| 13921115507 | ADHD | neurological disorder marked by: inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity (3x more likely in boys) | 163 | |
| 13921137924 | client centered therapy | -rogers -active listening -therapist is non-directive | 164 | |
| 13921150766 | counterconditioning | linking new, positive responses to previously aversive stimuli | 165 | |
| 13921155857 | behavior modification | shaping a client's chosen behavior to look like a more desired behavior | 166 | |
| 13921167060 | rational emotive behavior therapy | -albert ellis -vigorously challenges IRRATIONAL thinking, self-defeating thoughts attitudes and assumptions | 167 | |
| 13921179526 | thorazine | antipsychotic drug, symptom- tardive dyskinesia | 168 | |
| 13921192104 | increase serotonin by blocking reuptake | how do antidepressant drugs work? | 169 | |
| 13921203174 | central route of persuasion | facts, evidence, logic- going through rational mind | 170 | |
| 13921207565 | peripheral route of persuasion | appealing to fears, desires, and associations - does not stick | 171 | |
| 13921213854 | cognitive dissonance theory | -festinger -actions and thoughts are not in line | 172 | |
| 13921222274 | normative social influence theory | going along with others to gain social approval or avoid disapproval/ rejection | 173 | |
| 13921226065 | informational social influence | Going along with others because their ideas and behavior make sense, the evidence in our social environment changes our minds. | 174 | |
| 13921234451 | groupthink | the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for HARMONY in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives | 175 | |
| 13921240881 | prejudice | unjustified negative attitude | 176 | |
| 13921248430 | discrimination | unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members | 177 | |
| 13921254194 | just-world phenomenon | the world is just and people get what they deserve | 178 | |
| 13921258155 | altrusim | unselfish regard for the welfare of others | 179 | |
| 13921261971 | social exchange theory | we help if it brings more benefit than cost | 180 | |
| 13921265224 | reciprocity norm | an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them | 181 | |
| 13921272234 | social responsibility norm | people should help those in need | 182 |
