Terms : Hide Images
| 7962617683 | respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. | 0 | |
| 7962629265 | operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. | 1 | |
| 7962637940 | biofeedback | a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension. | 2 | |
| 7962656552 | cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after eploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. | 3 | |
| 7962673755 | latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to deomonstrate it. | 4 | |
| 7962689355 | insight | a sudden realization of a problem's solution. | 5 | |
| 7962693406 | intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake. | 6 | |
| 7962699314 | coping | alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods. | 7 | |
| 7962707272 | problem-focused coping | attempting to alleviate stress directly-by changing the stressor or the way we interact with tht stressor. | 8 | |
| 7962716699 | emotion-focused coping | attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction. | 9 | |
| 7962730982 | learned helplessness | the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. | 10 | |
| 7962740185 | external locus of control | the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate. | 11 | |
| 7962745835 | internal locus of control | the perception that you control your own fate. | 12 | |
| 7962750580 | self-control | the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards. | 13 | |
| 7962768864 | observational learning | learning by observing others. Also called social learning. | 14 | |
| 7962772428 | modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. | 15 | |
| 7962781421 | mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy. | 16 | |
| 7962800123 | prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial be havior. | 17 | |
| 8149816185 | memory | the persistence of learning over time through the encoing, storagee, and retrieval of information. | 18 | |
| 8149822392 | encoding | the processing of information into the memory system-for example, by extracting meaning. | 19 | |
| 8149825548 | storage | the process of retaining encoded information over time. | 20 | |
| 8149830506 | retrieval | the process of getting information out of memory storage. | 21 | |
| 8149832648 | parallel processing | the processing of may aspects of a problem simultaneously, the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrast with the step by step processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. | 22 | |
| 8149846396 | sensory memory | the immediate very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. | 23 | |
| 8149848142 | short-term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is storeed or forgotten. | 24 | |
| 8149854694 | long-term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Iincludes knowledge, skills, and experiences. | 25 | |
| 8149864048 | working memory | a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing incoming auditory and visual spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. | 26 | |
| 8149875891 | explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. | 27 | |
| 8149881528 | effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. | 28 | |
| 8149884206 | automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. | 29 | |
| 8149902415 | implicit memory | retention independent of conscious recollection. (also call nondeclarative memory.) | 30 | |
| 8149922849 | iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. | 31 | |
| 8149942032 | echoic memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled with 3 or 4 seconds. | 32 | |
| 8149958620 | chunking | organizing itmes into famiiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. | 33 | |
| 8149967446 | mnemonics | memory aids, espeically those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizaiotnal devices. | 34 | |
| 8149982892 | spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. | 35 | |
| 8149989537 | testing effect | enhanced memory ater retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning. | 36 | |
| 8149997516 | shallow processing | encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words. | 37 | |
| 8150007945 | deep processing | encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words, tends to yield the best retention. | 38 | |
| 8150016531 | hippocampus | a neural center located in the limbic system, helps process explicit memories for storage. | 39 | |
| 8150021501 | flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. | 40 | |
| 8150021502 | long-term potentiation (LTP) | an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. | 41 | |
| 8150044272 | recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. | 42 | |
| 8150049507 | recognition | a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as aon a multiple-choice test. | 43 | |
| 8150054332 | relearning | a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again. | 44 | |
| 8150080468 | priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory | 45 | |
| 8150085347 | mood-congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. | 46 | |
| 8150090823 | serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primacy effect) in a list. | 47 | |
| 8150100532 | anterograde amnesia | an inability to form new memories. | 48 | |
| 8150102987 | retrograde amnesia | an inability to retrieve information from on's past. | 49 | |
| 8150107953 | proactive interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. | 50 | |
| 8150111875 | retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. | 51 | |
| 8150116323 | repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety -arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories. | 52 | |
| 8150136146 | misinformation effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. | 53 | |
| 8150136147 | source amnesined. (Also called source misattribution. )ia | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution. ) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories. | 54 | |
| 8150155202 | deja vu | that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience. | 55 | |
| 8150174732 | cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. | 56 | |
| 8150178587 | concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. | 57 | |
| 8150193486 | prototype | a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin.) | 58 | |
| 8150220804 | creativity | the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. | 59 | |
| 8150221787 | convergent thinking | narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution. | 60 | |
| 8150224639 | divergent thinking | expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions.) | 61 | |
| 8150356469 | algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually seedier-but also more error-prone-use of heuristics. | 62 | |
| 8150367528 | heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. | 63 | |
| 8150377711 | insight | a sudden realization of a problem's solution, contrasts with strategy-based solutions. | 64 | |
| 8150394097 | confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. | 65 | |
| 8150401448 | mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. | 66 | |
| 8150405236 | intuition | an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. | 67 | |
| 8150414445 | representativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes, may lead us to ignore other relevant information. | 68 | |
| 8150424557 | availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory, if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common. | 69 | |
| 8150437617 | overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. | 70 | |
| 8150445823 | belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. | 71 | |
| 8150450270 | framing | the way an issue is posed, how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. | 72 | |
| 8150458395 | language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. | 73 | |
| 8150463600 | phoneme | in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. | 74 | |
| 8150466709 | morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning, may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix) | 75 | |
| 8150470683 | grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. In a given language, semantics is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds and syntax is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences. | 76 | |
| 8150484325 | babbling stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. | 77 | |
| 8150489375 | one-word stage | the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. | 78 | |
| 8150498249 | two-word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during elements. which a child speaks mostly in two-word stat | 79 | |
| 8150499695 | telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram "go car" using mostly nouns and verbs. | 80 | |
| 8150517302 | aphasia | impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area ) impairing understanding). | 81 | |
| 8150526618 | Borca's area | controls language expression-an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movement involved in speech. | 82 | |
| 8150532991 | Wernicke's area | controls language reception-a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression, usually in the left temporal lobe. | 83 | |
| 8150542058 | linguistic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. | 84 | |
| 8150646486 | 85 |
