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| 9785270170 | Alfred Adler | neo-Freudian • stressed importance of striving for superiority and power • believed social factors not sexual factors are more important in child development • birth order, inferiority and superiority complex, compensation |  | 0 |
| 9785270171 | Mary Ainsworth | • designed "strange" situation experiment to study infant attachment in which children were left alone in a playroom • secure attachment children played comfortably when mom was present, were distressed when mom left and would seek contact when mom returned • insecure attachment children were less likely to explore their surroundings, became upset when mom left and showed indifference when mom returned |  | 1 |
| 9785270172 | Gordon Allport | traits therapist • defined personality in terms of fundamental characteristic patterns • three levels of traits • cardinal - dominant traits of a person's behavior • central - dispositions found in most people • secondary - traits arising in specific situations |  | 2 |
| 9785270173 | Aristotle | • disagreed with Socrates and Plato, said knowledge is not preexisting, instead it grows from the experiences stored in our memories • knowledge comes in from the external world through the senses • believed the mind was in the heart |  | 3 |
| 9785270174 | Solomon Asch | • studied conformity and how group pressure distorted judgement • subjects conformed in their perception of line lengths when confederates in the group purposely gave the incorrect answers |  | 4 |
| 9785270175 | Eugene Aresinsky | • discovered how EEG patterns and eye movement change throughout sleep | 5 | |
| 9785270176 | Richard Arkinson/Richard Shriffrin | • proposed original short-term/long term memory theory | 6 | |
| 9785270177 | Francis Bacon | one of the founders of modern science • fascinated by the human mind and its failings • suggested humans try to find the degree of order and quality in things • stressed the use of research findings |  | 7 |
| 9785270178 | Alan Baddeley | added working memory, including a central executive, to Atkinson and Sheffrin's concept of shortterm memory |  | 8 |
| 9785270179 | Albert Bandura | • social-cognitive perspective (social learning) • suggested people learn through observation and modeling • researcher of observational learning by studying children imitating adults hitting a "Bobo doll" • suggested observers experience vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment when observing others • propose the social cognitive perspective in which behavior is influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context • reciprocal determinism; the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and the environment |  | 9 |
| 9785270180 | Diana Baumrind | • studied authoritarian, authoritative and permissive parenting styles • children with authoritarian parents usually have less social skill and self-esteem • children with authoritative parents usually have high self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence • children with permissive parents are usually more aggressive and immature |  | 10 |
| 9785270181 | Aaron Beck | developed a cognitive therapy for depression in which patients irrational and distorted thinking is questioned • cognitive triad • attributional style |  | 11 |
| 9785270182 | Buddha | • pondered how sensations and perceptions combine to form ideas | 12 | |
| 9785270183 | Dimitry Belyaev/Lyudmila Trut | • domesticated foxes in a longitudinal study lasting over 30 generations | 13 | |
| 9785270184 | Alfred Binet | • developed the first modern intelligence test for the French school system measuring a child's mental age (Stanford-Binet) • assumed intelligence increases with age | 14 | |
| 9785270185 | Thomas Bouchard | studied twins separated at birth | 15 | |
| 9785270186 | Edward Bradford Titchener | Wundt's student • introduced structuralism - aim to discover the structural elements of the mind • used introspection (looking inward) • focused on inner sensations, images, and feelings | 16 | |
| 9785270187 | John Bransford/Marcia Johnson | • researched meaningfulness of memory | 17 | |
| 9785270188 | Marian Breland/Keller Breland | in training animals, noted an instinctive drift where animals reverted to biologically predisposed patterns | 18 | |
| 9785270189 | Isabel Briggs Myers/ Catherine Briggs | developed the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) | 19 | |
| 9785270190 | Paul Broca | discovered Broca's area in the left side of the brain responsible for speaking |  | 20 |
| 9785270191 | Linda Buck/Richard Axel | • discovered receptor proteins in the nasal cavity which combine to trigger a specific smell | 21 | |
| 9785270192 | John Cade | • discovered the use of lithium as a mood stabilizer | 22 | |
| 9785270193 | Mary Whiton Calkins | • first women to complete the requirements for a PhD in psychology but was denied the degree by Harvard • became first female president of the American Psychological Association (APA) | 23 | |
| 9785270194 | Walter Cannon/Philip Bard | developed the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions in which emotions and physiological changes happen simultaneously |  | 24 |
| 9785270195 | Raymond Cattell | • 16 Trait Personality Inventory/factor analysis • surface traits appear in clusters |  | 25 |
| 9785270196 | Fergus Craik/Endel Tulving | • researched different types (structural, phoneic, semantic) of encoding information and its effects on memory | 26 | |
| 9785270197 | Tanya Chartrant/John Bargh | studied the Chamaeleon Effect where subjects in time mimic each other's behaviors | 27 | |
| 9785270198 | Noam Chomsky | studied innate language development and universal grammar |  | 28 |
| 9785270199 | Kenneth Clark/Mimi Phillips Clark | • studied internalized anti-black prejudice by asking children whether they preferred a black or white doll | 29 | |
| 9785270200 | Confucius | • stressed the power of ideas and of an educated mind | 30 | |
| 9785270201 | Stanley Coren | studied how time changes influence accidents | 31 | |
| 9785270202 | Paul Costa/Robert MaCrae | developed Big Five Trait theory of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness and extraversion | 32 | |
| 9785270203 | Mary Cover Jones/Joseph Wolpe | • helped develop exposure therapies including systematic desensitization using progressive relaxation to lower phobic fears | 33 | |
| 9785270204 | John Darley/Bibb Latane | studied bystander intervention by staging emergencies | 34 | |
| 9785270205 | Charles Darwin | • studied species variations • explained diversity in animals by proposing the evolutionary process of natural selection • believed that nature selects traits that best enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment • motivation-instincts |  | 35 |
| 9785270206 | Judy DeLoache | • researched children's reactions to a miniature version of a room to study symbolic thinking | 36 | |
| 9785270207 | William Demen | • sleep deprivation researcher | 37 | |
| 9785270208 | René Descartes | • French philosopher • agreed with Socrates and Plato that the existence of innate ideas and mind being "entirely distinct from body" and able to survive death • believed the immaterial mind and physical body communicate • coined phrase "I think, therefore, I am". | 38 | |
| 9785270209 | Dorothea Dix | • advocated for more humane treatment of the mentally ill and the construction of mental hospitals | 39 | |
| 9785270210 | Hermann Ebbinghaus | • developed the forgetting (retention) curve by learning nonsense syllables |  | 40 |
| 9785270211 | Paul Ekman | • studied the universality of facial expressions | 41 | |
| 9785270212 | Albert Ellis | • creator of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) - a confrontational cognitive therapy the challenges people's self-defeating attitudes and assumptions that cause emotional problems | 42 | |
| 9785270213 | Erik Erikson | developed eight stages of psychosocial development in which each stage centers around a task or conflict • trust versus mistrust (birth to 1) child learns to trust the world or not dependent upon whether their needs are met • autonomy versus shame (1 to 3) child learns to do things for themselves or to doubt their abilities • initiative versus guilt (3 to 6) child learns to carry out plans or feels guilty about their efforts to be independent • competence versus inferiority (6 to puberty) child learns the pleasure of applying themselves or feeling inferior • identity versus role confusion (teens into 20s) teens learn to form a personal identity or become confused about who they are • intimacy versus isolation (20s to early 40s) person learns to form close relationships or feels isolated • generativity versus stagnation (40s to 60s) person learns to discover a sense of contributing to the world or feels a lack of purpose • integrity versus despair (late 60s and up) after reflecting on their life, the persons feels a sense of satisfaction or failure |  | 43 |
| 9785270214 | Hans Eysenck/Sybil Eysenck | trait theorist • divided personality on two dimensions • extraversion versus introversion and emotional stability versus instability • challenge the effectiveness of psychotherapy by studying the improvement in untreated patients | 44 | |
| 9785270215 | Gustav Fechner | developed the field of psychophysics • studied the concept of absolute threshold | 45 | |
| 9785270216 | Leon Festinger | developed the cognitive dissonance theory where we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognition) are inconsistent with each other |  | 46 |
| 9785270217 | Margaret Floyd Washburn | first female to receive a PhD in psychology • second female president of the APA | 47 | |
| 9785270218 | James Flynn | • discovered the Flynn effect which noted intelligence tests scores increased over decades therefore IQ tests need to be re-standardized periodically | 48 | |
| 9785270219 | Otfrid Foerster/Wilder Penfield | • mapped the motor cortex | 49 | |
| 9785270220 | Sigmund Freud (theory) | • father of the Psychoanalytic School of Psychology • divided the mind into the conscious, preconscious and unconscious mind • emphasized the way our unconscious thought processes and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior • divided personality into the • id: includes inborn drives and impulses following the pleasure principle • ego: tries to satisfy the demands of the id without going against the restrictions of the superego following the reality principle • superego: the moral/ideal self • proposed five psychosexual stages: • oral (0-18 m.) pleasure centers on the mouth (sucking, biting, chewing, etc.) • anal (18-36 m.) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control • phallic (3-6 yrs) pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings (Oedipus and Electra complex) • latency (6 to puberty) a phase of dormant sexual feelings • genital (puberty on) maturation of sexual interests • fixation: a person remains at a psychosexual stage • developed how the ego protects itself through the use of defense mechanisms: • repression; banishes anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories to the unconscious mind • regression; retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated • reaction formation; switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites • projection; disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others • rationalization; offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for ones actions • displacement; shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more except the bull or less threatening object or person • sublimation; transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives • denial; refusing to believe were even perceive painful realities | 50 | |
| 9785270221 | Sigmund Freud (therapy) | • developed psychoanalysis • assumed many psychological problems are the result of repressed impulses and conflicts in childhood • goal of treatment is to release energy previously devoted to id-ego-superego conflicts • Freudian slips: unintentional statements that Freud believed expressed repressed thoughts or feelings • free association; patients are encouraged to say out loud whatever comes to mind • resistance; the blocking of consciousness of anxiety laden materials • transference; the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked to other relationships • suggested anxiety is "free-floating" • distinguished between manifest content (apparent and remembered story line) and latent content (symbolic meaning) of dreams • proposed defense mechanism repression in which anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, or memories cannot reach consciousness | 51 | |
| 9785270222 | Meyer Friedman/Ray Rosenman | found blood cholesterol levels change as the subject's stress levels change | 52 | |
| 9785270223 | Gustav Fritsch/Eduard Hitzig | • discovered the motor cortex by electrically stimulating parts of an animal's cortex | 53 | |
| 9785270224 | Phineas Gage | • railroad worker who, in 1848, had a tapping iron shot through his brain • he survived but developed emotional difficulties |  | 54 |
| 9785270225 | Franz Gall | proposed that phrenology (studying bumps on the skull) could reveal a person's mental abilities and character traits |  | 55 |
| 9785270226 | Francis Galton | • believed intelligence was purely hereditary • developed a rudimentary intelligence test | 56 | |
| 9785270227 | John Garcia/Robert Koelling | • studied conditioned taste aversion in rats • suggested how people are biologically prepared to learning some associations over others | 57 | |
| 9785270228 | Howard Gardner | proposed eight distinct intelligences: naturalistic, linguistic, logical mathematical, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, body kinesthetic, and spatial |  | 58 |
| 9785270229 | Eleanor Gibson/Richard Walk | • researched innate depth perception in infants using a visual cliff | 59 | |
| 9785270230 | G. Stanley Hall | first president of the American Psychological Association (APA) • established the first formal United States psychology laboratory at Johns Hopkins University | 60 | |
| 9785270231 | Harry Harlow/Margaret Harlow | studied attachment by observing how infant monkeys responded to two artificial mothers (cloth and wire) • found infant monkeys preferred the cloth mother over the wire mother • studied monkeys raised in complete isolation who later were unable to interact with other monkeys |  | 61 |
| 9785270232 | Starke Hathaway | developed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and empirically derived personality tes | 62 | |
| 9785270233 | Fritz Heider | • Gestalt theories • balance theory • proposed attribution theory in which people's behaviors are the result of the situation or the person's disposition |  | 63 |
| 9785270234 | Hermann von Helmholtz/Thomas Young | • responsible for Young Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory • suggested the retina includes three types (red, green and blue) of color receptors |  | 64 |
| 9785270235 | Hermann von Helmholtz | developed place theory detailing how hearing different pitches involves triggering different places along the cochlea |  | 65 |
| 9785270236 | Ewald Hering | responsible for the opponent-process theory by studying afterimages • retina includes three sets (red-green, yellow-blue, and white-black) of opponent retinal processes |  | 66 |
| 9785270237 | Ernest Hilgard | dissociative theory - hypnosis involves both social influence and a dual processing state where consciousness is split allowing thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously called dissociation | 67 | |
| 9785270238 | Karen Horney | neo-Freudian • suggested childhood anxiety triggers our desire for love and security • among the first to challenge the obvious male bias in Freud's theories • believed people feel anxious because they feel isolated and helpless in a hostile world. |  | 68 |
| 9785270239 | Carol Izard | • facial expressiveness • facial expressions of emotions are constant across cultures | 69 | |
| 9785270240 | William James | philosopher - psychologist • functionalist • wrote one of the first introductory psychology texts, Principles of Psychology | 70 | |
| 9785270241 | William James/Carl Lange | • developed the James-Lange theory of emotions suggesting emotions are the result of physiological changes |  | 71 |
| 9785270242 | Irving Janis | studied groupthink; a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives | 72 | |
| 9785270243 | Carl Jung | neo-Freudian • divided the unconscious mind into the collective and personal unconscious | 73 | |
| 9785270244 | Immanuel Kant | maintained that knowledge comes from our inborn ways of organizing sensory experience | 74 | |
| 9785270245 | Ancel Keys | researched motivation by reducing food levels of subjects which resulted in a lowering of the basal metabolic rate | 75 | |
| 9785270246 | Kurt Koffka/Max Wertheimer | co-founder Gestalt Psychology | 76 | |
| 9785270247 | Lawrence Kohlberg | • by asking subjects to respond to moral dilemmas, developed three levels of moral thinking • preconventional morality; the person's focus is self-interest and follows rules to avoid punishment or gain rewards • conventional morality; the person's focus is to uphold laws and rules to gain social approval and/or maintain social order • ostconventional morality; the person's focus reflects a basic belief system of self-defined ethical principles |  | 77 |
| 9785270248 | Elizabeth Kubler-Ross | stages of death and dying |  | 78 |
| 9785270249 | Konrad Lorenz | • studied imprinting in ducklings • studied instinctive behavior in animals • critical periods • motivation-instinct theory |  | 79 |
| 9785270250 | Richard Lazarus | • suggested that cognitive appraisal, at times, is without our awareness | 80 | |
| 9785270251 | Joseph LeDoux | suggested some emotional responses go directly to the amygdala bypassing any cognitive appraisal in the cortex |  | 81 |
| 9785270252 | John Locke | • British philosopher • suggested at birth the mind is a tabula rasa (blank slate) on which experience writes • it is through our experiences we learn to perceive the world • helped form modern empiricism | 82 | |
| 9785270253 | Elizabeth Loftus | studied how eyewitness memories can be influenced by questioning • researched how information can be incorporated into one's memory (misinformation effect) | 83 | |
| 9785270254 | Abraham Maslow | humanist • overall need to fulfill one's potential • believed psychology should study healthy and creative people rather than troubled ones • developed a hierarchy of needs theory (physiological, safety, belongingness and love, esteem, self-actualization, and self-transcendence needs) • drew attention to ways the current environmental influences can nurture or limit our growth potential • stressed the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied |  | 84 |
| 9785270255 | William Masters/Virginia Johnson | • developed the sexual response cycle (excitement phase, plateau phase orgasm, and resolution phase) measuring the physiological changes during sexual activity • researched sexual dysfunctions and potential treatments | 85 | |
| 9785270256 | Harry McGurk/John MacDonald | developed the McGurk Effect in which a subject listening to a sound while watching someone say a different sound hear a different third sound | 86 | |
| 9785270257 | Donald Meichenbaum | developed stress inoculation training in which peoples encourages people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations | 87 | |
| 9785270258 | Ronald Melzack/Patrick Wall | • developed gate-control theory of pain in which the spinal cord contains nerve fibers that conduct pain signals |  | 88 |
| 9785270259 | Stanley Milgram | studied obedience where subjects, following the orders of an experimenter, "shocked" a confederate | 89 | |
| 9785270260 | George Miller | • proposed short-term memory is limited to seven +/- two bits of information | 90 | |
| 9785270261 | Fiuseppe Moruzzi/Horace Magoun | • by electrically stimulating and severing parts of a cat's brain, discovered the reticular formation enables arousal | 91 | |
| 9785270262 | Henry Murray | • developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) in which subjects made up a story to ambiguous figures | 92 | |
| 9785270263 | David Napolitan/George Goethals | • demonstrated the fundamental attribution error where people, analyzing others' behavior, tend to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition | 93 | |
| 9785270264 | Ivan Pavlov | discovered classical conditioning in his studies of the digestion in dogs | 94 | |
| 9785270265 | Jean Piaget | used case studies to research children's thinking • studied cognitive development in children • developed concepts of: • schema - concept or framework that organizes and interprets information • assimilation - interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas • accommodation - adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information • developed four stages of cognitive development: • sensorimotor (birth - 2) experience the world through senses and actions • object permanence; the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived • preoperational (2 - 6/7) representing things with words and images; using intuitive rather than logical reasoning • egocentrism; taking another's point of view • concrete operational (7 - 11) thinking logically about concrete events, grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations • conservation; understanding properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in forms | 95 | |
| 9785270266 | Philippe Pinel | • suggested abnormal behavior was not due to demon possession by the sickness of the mind • advocated a "moral (more humane) treatment" of patients | 96 | |
| 9785270267 | Plato | • concluded, along with Socrates, that mind is separable from the body and continues after the body dies (dualism) • believed knowledge is innate—born within us • located the mind in the spherical head | 97 | |
| 9785270268 | James Randi | used and an empirical approach to test the paranormal | 98 | |
| 9785270269 | Robert Rescorla/Allan Wagner | contingency model • having shocks proceeded by tones and lights, found animals can learn the predictability of an event | 99 | |
| 9785270270 | Carl Rogers | humanist • believed people are basically good and endowed with self-actualizing tendencies • developed person centered perspective (also called client centered perspective) • a growth promoting climate requires three conditions • genuineness; people are genuine and open with their feelings • acceptance; people show unconditional positive regard towards others (an attitude of total acceptance towards another person) • empathy; they share an mirror others' feelings and reflect their meanings • drew attention to ways the current environmental influences can nurture or limit our growth potential • stressed the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied • develop client centered therapy which focuses on the person's conscious self-perceptions • a nondirective therapy in which the therapist listens without judging or interpreting • stressed therapist should exhibit acceptance, genuineness, and empathy • stressed active listening; empathetic listening to which the listener echoes restates and clarifies what the client says • therapist should show unconditional positive regard; a caring accepting non-judgmental attitude | 100 | |
| 9785270271 | David Rosenhan | studied the biasing power of labels by having psychologically healthy subjects admitted to a mental institution | 101 | |
| 9785270272 | Stanley Schachter/Jerome Singer | • developed the two-factor theory of emotions in which emotions are the result of physiological changes and a cognitive appraisal • injected subjects with epinephrine and placed them in rooms with a euphoric or irritated confederate | 102 | |
| 9785270273 | Martin Seligman | • has called for research on human strengths and human flourishing • positive psychology: the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive • researched learned helplessness in animals | 103 | |
| 9785270274 | Hans Selye | • developed the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) in reaction to stress including the alarm, resistance and exhaustion phase • concluded prolong stress can damage individuals | 104 | |
| 9785270275 | B. F. Skinner | modern behaviorist • studied operant conditioning using an operant chamber (Skinner Box) • developed four schedules of reinforcement (fixed and variable ratio)(fixed and variable interval) • believed external influences shape behavior NOT internal thoughts or feelings | 105 | |
| 9785270276 | Charles Spearman | • proposed a general intelligence (g) • helped develop factor analysis | 106 | |
| 9785270277 | Roger Sperry/Michael Gazzaniga | • pioneered and studied split brain research helping to understand the functioning of both hemispheres | 107 | |
| 9785270278 | William Stern | derived the formula for intelligence quotient (IQ) as mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100 • an IQ of 100 is considered average | 108 | |
| 9785270279 | Robert Sternberg | • proposed a triarchic theory of three intelligences - analytical (academic problem solving) intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence • developed five (expertise, imaginative thinking skills, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation and a creative environment) components of creativity | 109 | |
| 9785270280 | Lewis Terman | revised Binet's test (Stanford-Binet intelligence test) for use in the United States • conducted a longitudinal study of high intelligence children | 110 | |
| 9785270281 | Edward L. Thorndike | behaviorists • studied how cats got out of a "puzzle box" • developed law of effect - behavior is controlled by it's consequence |  | 111 |
| 9785270282 | Edward Chase Tolman/CH Honzik | studied rats exploring mazes without reinforcements (latent learning) resulting in the rats developing cognitive maps of the maze | 112 | |
| 9785270283 | Lev Vygotsky | stressed how children develop through interactions with the social environment • zone of proximal development; a zone between what a child can and can't do | 113 | |
| 9785270284 | John B. Watson | father of behaviorism • dismissed introspection • suggested psychology study how people respond to stimuli (behavior) rather than inner thoughts, feelings, and motives • redefine psychology as the "the scientific study of observable behavior" • with his associate (Rosalie Rayner), conditioned "Baby Albert" to fear a white rat |  | 114 |
| 9785270285 | Ernst Weber | developed Weber's law regarding the constant percentage of the difference threshold | 115 | |
| 9785270286 | David Wechsler | • developed the Wechsler adult intelligence scale (WAIS) and the Wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC) • the WAIS contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests | 116 | |
| 9785270287 | Carl Wernicke | discovered Wernicke's area responsible for speech comprehension |  | 117 |
| 9785270288 | Wilhelm Wundt | • the father of psychology • established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany • measured the time lag between people's hearing a ball hit a platform and their pressing a telegraph key • focused on inner sensations, images, and feelings (introspection) | 118 | |
| 9785270289 | Yerkes & Dodson | Yerkes Dodson Law - ideal level of arousal depends on the complexity of a task • if the task is more complex your performance will be better at lower levels of arousal • if the task is simple it is best for arousal level to be high | 119 | |
| 9785270290 | Philip Zimbardo | conducted studies in role playing where college students played the roles of prison guards and prisoners (Stanford Prison Experiment) |  | 120 |
