Terms : Hide Images
| 8705097993 | concepts | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people | 0 | |
| 8705112801 | prototype | a mental image of best example of a category; matching new items to it provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories | 1 | |
| 8705124976 | algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem; slower & less error prone than heuristics | 2 | |
| 8705149722 | heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; quicker and more error prone than algorithms | 3 | |
| 8705172935 | insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; contrasts with strategy-based solutions | 4 | |
| 8705181865 | confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence | 5 | |
| 8705245404 | fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set | 6 | |
| 8705254105 | mental set | a tendency to approach a problem a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past | 7 | |
| 8705282511 | representativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information | 8 | |
| 8705294817 | availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps b/c of vividness), we presume such events are common | 9 | |
| 8705318267 | overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct; to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments | 10 | |
| 8705339566 | belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited | 11 | |
| 8705361576 | framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments | 12 | |
| 8705373180 | language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning | 13 | |
| 8705381345 | phoneme | the smallest distinctive sound unit in language | 14 | |
| 8705392351 | morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word, or a part of a word (prefix, root, or suffix) | 15 | |
| 8705401650 | grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others | 16 | |
| 8705417717 | semantics | the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning | 17 | |
| 8705435511 | syntax | the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language | 18 | |
| 8705455312 | babbling stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language | 19 | |
| 8705479827 | one-word stage | the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which the child speaks mostly in single words | 20 | |
| 8705494443 | two-word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly 2-word statements (closest to telegraphic speech) | 21 | |
| 8705505728 | telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram- "go car"- using mostly nouns and verbs | 22 | |
| 8734955508 | metacognition | thinking about how you think | 23 | |
| 8734993481 | Language Acquisition Device | (Chomsky) innate ability to acquire language; nature | 24 | |
| 8735016899 | Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis/Linguistic Determinism | (Whorf) largely been discredited by empirical research; language determines what we think | 25 | |
| 8735074552 | overgeneralization/overregulation | children apply grammatical rules without making appropriate exceptions (I goed to the store) | 26 | |
| 8735118673 | holophrase | around 1st birthday; using one word to convey meaning | 27 | |
| 8735128730 | functional fixation | another type of fixation that is characterized by a failure to use an object in an unusual way (an impediment to problem solving) | 28 | |
| 8735150916 | anchoring effect | the tendency to be influenced by a suggested reference point, pulling our response toward that point | 29 | |
| 8735167634 | Chomsky | NATURE side of language; opposed Skinner's ideas and suggested that the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles, and most is INBORN (language acquisition device and universal language) | 30 | |
| 8735190097 | Skinner | NURTURE side of language; believed language development may be explained on the basis of learning principles such as association, imitation, and reinforcement | 31 | |
| 8735194139 | Whorf | Linguistic Determinism/Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis; suggested that language determines the way we think | 32 | |
| 8735221608 | aphasia | an impairment in the ability to produce language (Broca's area damage) or comprehend language (Wernicke's area damage) | 33 | |
| 8781045993 | Broca's area | left frontal lobe; controls muscles to produce speech | 34 | |
| 8781048694 | Wernicke's area | left temporal lobe; controls comprehension of language and producing coherent speech | 35 | |
| 8783993889 | critical period for language | age 7 | 36 |
