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| 7867126603 | Ivan Pavlov | Contribution: developed the theory of "classical conditioning" while working with dogs Significance: Father of Classical Conditioning |  | 0 |
| 7867126604 | Classical Conditioning | Learning that takes place when two or more stimuli are paired together UCS = UCR; NS + UCS = UCR; & CS = CR |  | 1 |
| 7867126605 | Unconditioned Stimulus | Part of Classical Conditioning It is the stimulus that triggers a natural reflexive response. Pavlov's Dogs: "Meat" Little Albert: "Loud noise" | 2 | |
| 7867126606 | Conditioned Stimulus | Part of Classical Conditioning It initially has no effect but after conditioning, it triggers a natural reflexive response. Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Bell" Little Albert: "White Mouse" | 3 | |
| 7867126607 | Extinction | Classical Conditioning: The disappearance of a behavior because CS no longer paired with the UCS Operant Conditioning: The disappearance of a behavior because it is no longer reinforced or punished | 4 | |
| 7867126608 | Spontaneous Recovery | Classical Conditioning: When a previous CR returns after it has been extinguished Operant Conditioning: Occurs when a response begins again after extinction | 5 | |
| 7867126609 | Stimulus Generalization | Classical Conditioning: When the NS and the CS are different. (Example: Little Albert being afraid of any thing that is white and furry) Operant Conditioning: When a reinforced/punished behavior occurs in a setting/situation where it was NOT learned (Example: Not cursing at home or at school) | 6 | |
| 7867126610 | Stimulus Discrimination | Classical Conditioning: When the NS and the CS are the same (Example: Little Albert being afraid of a white mouse) Operant Conditioning: When a reinforced/punished behavior occurs in a setting/situation where it was learned (Example: Cursing only at home because it is acceptable but not at school) |  | 7 |
| 7867126611 | Higher Order Conditioning | When the first CS is paired with a second CS The second CS is presented briefly before the first CS | 8 | |
| 7867126612 | Taste Aversions | Psychologist: Garcia Defined: If you ingest an unusual food or drink and then become nauseous, you will probably develop an aversion to the food or drink. Significance: Violates the acquisition principles of classical conditioning | 9 | |
| 7867126613 | Operant conditioning | Defined: Learning is based on the association of one's behavior and its consequences. Consequences are reinforced or punished Example: You choose to break curfew based on the consequences |  | 10 |
| 7867126614 | Law of Effect | Psychologist: Edward Thorndike Defined: if a behavior results in a satisfying consequence, it will likely be repeated whereas; if a behavior results in a unsatisfying consequence, it will NOT likely be repeated Example: If you complement your mother and she lets you stay out past curfew, you will complement her again | 11 | |
| 7867126615 | B.F. Skinner | Contributions: Invented the Operant chamber, aka his ________ box, to use in his research of animal learning. Significance: Father & Developer of Operant Conditioing |  | 12 |
| 7867126616 | Positive Reinforcement | Part of Operant Conditioning Adding something to increase the likelihood of a behavior occuring again Example: Receiving $5 for every "A" in high school |  | 13 |
| 7867126617 | Negative Reinforcement | Part of Operant Conditioning Increasing the likelihood of a behavior occurring again by removing a negative stimuli Example: Taking aspirin to relieve a headache | 14 | |
| 7867126618 | Positive Punishment | Part of Operant Conditioning Adding something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again Example: Spanking and yelling |  | 15 |
| 7867126619 | Negative Punishment | Part of Operant Conditioning Removing something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again Example: Grounding |  | 16 |
| 7867126620 | Shaping | Part of Operant Conditioning Positively reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desird behavior to teach a new behavior | 17 | |
| 7867126621 | Primary Reinforcers | Reinforcers that are rewarding such as food, water, rest, whose natural properties are reinforcing. | 18 | |
| 7867126622 | Secondary Reinforcers | Defined: Reinforcers that are rewarding because we learned that are reinforcing. Example: praise, money, the chance to play video games. |  | 19 |
| 7867126623 | Fixed-Ratio Schedule | Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a set number of responses. Example: Being paid for every 10 pizzas made | 20 | |
| 7867126624 | Variable-Ratio Schedule | Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a varying number of responses. Example: playing a slot machine | 21 | |
| 7867126625 | Fixed-Interval Schedule | Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a fixed amount of time has passed Example: cramming for an exam | 22 | |
| 7867126626 | Variable-Interval Schedule | Defined: schedule of reinforcement after varying amounts of time Example: pop (surprise) quizzes in class | 23 | |
| 7867126627 | Instinctive Drift | Defined: when animals revert to instinctive behaviors rather than the operantly conditioned behaviors Examples: Rats will not walk backward, chickens won't hit a ball and run to first base, and pigs won't put wooden dollars into a piggy bank | 24 | |
| 7867126628 | Observational Learning | Defined: learn by watching others Example: BoBo Doll Study | 25 | |
| 7867126629 | Latent Learning | Defined: Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it Example: Tolman's rats would only complete the maze if there was cheese for them at the end of the maze | 26 | |
| 7867126631 | Acquisition of Classical Conditioning | Frequency: the more often the CS and the US are paired together Timing: the CS is presented a half a second before the US | 27 | |
| 7867126632 | Biological Preparedness | Defined: humans and animals have predisposed fears that help us survive Examples; Phobia of heights keeps us away from danger | 28 | |
| 7867126633 | Unconditioned Response | Part of Classical Conditioning It is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the stimulus Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Salivating to the Meat" Little Albert: "Screaming at the Loud Noise" | 29 | |
| 7867126634 | Associative Learning | Defined: learn by putting together two events Example: Expect to hear thunder after viewing lightening | 30 | |
| 7867126635 | Habituation | Defined: An organisms decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it Example: Your parents yell at you a lot and eventually you tune out their yelling | 31 | |
| 7867126636 | Watson | Contribution: applies Classical Conditioning to Humans through the "Little Albert" Experiment Significance: Creates "Behaviorism" Theory |  | 32 |
| 7867126637 | Thorndike | Contribution: studied cats in puzzle boxes and recorded their behaviors Significance: Creates "Law of Effect" theory |  | 33 |
| 7867126638 | Bandura | Contribution: Studied how children mimic others behaviors and repeat that same behavior Significance: Creates "Observational Learning" Theory |  | 34 |
| 7867126639 | Garcia | Contribution: Demonstrated the significance of biological processes in classical conditioning Significance: Creates "Taste Aversions" theory | 35 | |
| 7867126641 | Tolman | Contribution: demonstrated the significance of cognitive processes in operant conditioning by studying rats in mazes Significance: Creates the "Latent Learning" theory | 36 | |
| 7867126643 | Pavlov's Dogs | First experiment that created and demonstrate the theory of classical conditioning | 37 | |
| 7867126644 | Little Albert | First experiment to demonstrate how emotions can be classically conditioned in humans Provides a foundation for the "Behaviorism Theory" |  | 38 |
| 7867126645 | Conditioned Response | Part of Classical Conditioning Occurs after conditioning when the conditioned stimulus (CS) triggers an innate response Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Salivating to the Bell" Little Albert: "Screaming/Crying" | 39 | |
| 7867126648 | Concerns regarding Punishment | It does not teach the learner appropriate behavior and can also increase violent behavior in the learner | 40 | |
| 7867126649 | Skinner Box | Also known as: Operant Chamber Description: A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal (rat or pigeon) can manipulate in order to obtain a reward |  | 41 |
| 7867126651 | Superstitious Behavior | Defined: if a random reinforcement follows an event, the event will likely be repeated. Example: a lucky shirt, shoes, etc. | 42 | |
| 7867126652 | Continuous Reinforcement Schedule | Defined: When every behavior is reinforced Example: a multiple choice test Significance: best for "establishing" a behavior | 43 | |
| 7867126653 | Cognitive Maps | Defined: having the ability or know how to accomplish a particular task Example: Tolman's rats knew how to complete the maze | 44 | |
| 7867126654 | Intrinsic Motivation | Defined: the desire to perform a behavior effectively and for its own sake—rewards can carry hidden costs. Example: reading books because you find them rewarding | 45 | |
| 7867126655 | Extrinsic Motivation | Defined: the desire to perform a behavior to receive external rewards or avoid threatened punishment. Example: reading a book because you need to get a good grade in your English class | 46 | |
| 7867126656 | BoBo Doll Study | Psychologist: Bandura Description: Children watched (through a one way glass)a confederate play with the BoBo doll and then played with the BoBo doll in the same way as the confederate Significance: used to develop "observational learning" | 47 | |
| 7867126657 | Mirror Neurons | Defined: frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so Example: explains why yawning is contagious | 48 | |
| 7867126658 | Densensitization | Defined: after viewing a similar act/behavior, you become less emotionally responsive (indifferent or unaware) to the stimulus Example: The first murder on TV is shocking but becomes less shocking as you watch violent television | 49 | |
| 7867126659 | Pro-Social Modeling | Defined: People who show nonviolent, helpful behavior prompt similar behavior in others Significance: When parents help their grandparents, the children will likely do the same | 50 | |
| 7867126661 | Behaviorism | Psychologist: John B. Watson Defined: a theory that made psychology an objective science by making it based on observable (and only observable) events, not the unconscious or conscious mind. | 51 | |
| 7867131810 | television and observational learning | children will imitate what they see on tv | 52 | |
| 7867132466 | Mary Cover Jones | maintained that fear could be unlearned; paired a pleasant stimulus (a favorite food) w/ the feared object (rabbit) to use classical conditioning to rid "little peter" of his fear of rabbits | 53 | |
| 7867133284 | Wolfgang Kohler | Gestalt psychologist that first demonstrated insight through his chimpanzee experiments. He noticed the solution process wasn't slow, but sudden and reflective. | 54 | |
| 7867133285 | Robert Koelling | performed a famous experiment with Garcia illustrating how rats more readily learned to make certain associations than others | 55 | |
| 7867134477 | Respondent Behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus | 56 | |
| 7867135832 | Reinforcer | privilege you want that can be used to encourage you to do something | 57 | |
| 7867137215 | Discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus | 58 | |
| 7867137216 | Modeling | the process of observing and imitating specific behavior | 59 | |
| 7867138257 | Neutral Stimulus | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning | 60 | |
| 7867139509 | Cognitive Learning | the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, watching others, or through language | 61 | |
| 7867139510 | operant chamber | (aka Skinner Box) in operant conditioning, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, attached decides record the animals rate or bar pressing or key pecking | 62 | |
| 7867140062 | reinforcement | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows | 63 | |
| 7867140063 | feedback | 64 | ||
| 7867140064 | token economy | an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior, and can later exchange token for various privileges or treats | 65 | |
| 7867141020 | behavior modification | reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors | 66 | |
| 7867141621 | biological predispositions | an animals capacity for conditioning is constrained by its biology | 67 | |
| 7867141622 | cognitive processes | thoughts, perceptions and expectations in classical conditioning, it is very important and treatments that ignore it are limited in their success | 68 | |
| 7867142680 | applications of classical conditioning | -drug users are advised to stay away from people or places that they associate with being high -when a particular taste, accompanied with beneficial medicine, the taste alone can trigger immune responses | 69 | |
| 7867142681 | aversive control | a type of counter-conditioning that associates ab unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as excessive alcohol drinking) | 70 | |
| 7867143482 | transfer | the effect of past learning to new tasks | 71 | |
| 7867143483 | disinhibition | a temporary loss of inhibition or feeling self conscious, caused by outside stimuli such as drugs | 72 | |
| 7867144306 | conditioning | learning, behavior modification, in people an animals | 73 | |
| 7867144307 | delayed conditioning | NS presented before UCS and remains until UCR begins (most effective) | 74 | |
| 7867144967 | avoidance conditioning | the training of an organism to remove or withdraw from an unpleasant situation before it starts | 75 | |
| 7867144968 | backward conditioning | UCS presented before NS (least effective) | 76 | |
| 7867146014 | trace conditioning | NS is present and then taken away, or ends before the UCS | 77 | |
| 7867146943 | simultaneous conditioning | the reappearance, after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response | 78 | |
| 7867146944 | conditioning and phobias | phobias are learned fears and can be classically conditioned | 79 | |
| 7867148015 | conditioning and advertising | companies and brands want people to associate their products with good things | 80 | |
| 7867148027 | conditioning and prejudice | prejudice is learned | 81 | |
| 7867149239 | conditioning and medical treatments | it is important to avoid taste aversions in patients who throw up frequently such as chemotherapy | 82 | |
| 7867151382 | premack principal | using a naturally occurring high frequency response will reinforce and increase low frequency responses | 83 | |
| 7867152384 | response rates of all schedules of reinforcement | FR-high response, but drop off after reinforcement occurs UR-very resistant to extinction, high rates of response FI-reinforcements and to increase as the time for the next reinforcer is near, but drops off after reinforcement VI-relatively low response rates but they are steady | 84 | |
| 7867152385 | escape conditioning | the training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus | 85 | |
| 7867153025 | insight | a sudden realization of a problem's stimuli contacts with strategy-based solutions | 86 | |
| 7867153026 | cognitive-social learning | emphasized role of thinking and social learning and behavior | 87 | |
| 7867154824 | the brain's role in learning | mirror neurons allow us to be empathetic and to infer on others mental state, known as the theory of the mind | 88 | |
| 7867159349 | over justification effect | occurs when an external incentive decreases a persons intrinsic motivation to perform a behavior or participate in an activity | 89 |
