Terms : Hide Images
| 4834107565 | cognition | mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating | 0 | |
| 4834107566 | metacognition | style of learning; thinking about HOW you think, aware of biases in judging others | 1 | |
| 4834107567 | convergent thinking | requires focusing on one answer Ex: school, black and white (no gray area) | 2 | |
| 4834107568 | divergent thinking | requires brainstorming, considering multiple answers Ex: home contractors, thinking outside the box | 3 | |
| 4834107569 | concepts | mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people; based on prototypes | 4 | |
| 4834107570 | prototype | a mental image or best example of a category Ex: what's the first thing that comes to your head when you hear "shoe" | 5 | |
| 4834107571 | trial and error | problem solving strategy; trying various possible solutions, and if that fails, trying others; common to fail by missing a clear solution | 6 | |
| 4834107572 | algorithms | problem solving strategy; methodical, step by step, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem; + guarantees solutions, - time consuming Ex: Sheldon Big Bang Theory: how to make friends | 7 | |
| 4834107573 | heuristics | problem solving strategy; simple thinking strategy/mental shortcut that allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently but can be prone to errors Ex: rule of thumb, i before e except after c | 8 | |
| 4834107574 | insight | no strategy; aha moment, sudden and novel (new) realization of the solution to a problem; right temporal lobe | 9 | |
| 4834107575 | Kohler | did an insight study; chimp in rooms with bananas hanging from ceiling, did "nothing" but was really thinking of a solution in its head; stacked boxes and got the bananas; incubation effect | 10 | |
| 4834107576 | incubation effect | step away from problem; unconscious continues to work on it Ex: Mrs G typing her Nelson Mandela essay | 11 | |
| 4834107577 | fixation | obstacle to problem solving; inability to see a problem from a new perspective | 12 | |
| 4834107578 | mental set | fixation; tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, especially if it's been successful in the past Ex: people were confused by the new FRF format | 13 | |
| 4834107579 | functional fixedness | fixation; tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual function | 14 | |
| 4834107580 | representativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, our prototypes Ex: Susan Boyle | 15 | |
| 4834107581 | availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory Ex: more people are killed by cows than by sharks | 16 | |
| 4834107582 | overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct; to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments | 17 | |
| 4834107583 | belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited Ex: wanting to believe the best of people | 18 | |
| 4834107584 | framing | the way an issue is posed; wording effects Ex: "want to go out tonight?" vs "what time should I pick you up?" | 19 | |
| 4834107585 | language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning | 20 | |
| 4834107586 | 7 | critical age for language | 21 | |
| 4834107587 | phonemes | smallest unit of sound; we have difficulty pronouncing phonemes of different languages; English = 40 Ex: chat = ch, a, t | 22 | |
| 4834107588 | morphemes | smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (prefix, suffix, root word) Ex: pre-, -ed, 's | 23 | |
| 4834107589 | grammar | system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others | 24 | |
| 4834107590 | semantics | set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; the study of meaning Ex: it's raining cats and dogs (we know it isn't literal), -ed means past tense | 25 | |
| 4834107591 | syntax | rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences Ex: White House vs Casa Blanca | 26 | |
| 4834107592 | in fantis | not speaking | 27 | |
| 4834107593 | receptive language | ability to comprehend speech | 28 | |
| 4834107594 | babbling stage | age 4-12mos; productive language, utter variety of spontaneous sounds, includes phonemes from various languages, only home language by 10mos | 29 | |
| 4834107595 | productive language | babbling stage; ability to produce words | 30 | |
| 4834107596 | one word stage | age 1-2; mama, baba; holographic speech; comprehension vocab is greater than production vocab | 31 | |
| 4834107597 | holographic speech | one word stage; single word and vocal intonation stand for entire sentences | 32 | |
| 4834107598 | two word stage | age 2; telegraphic speech; follows rules of syntax in sensible order | 33 | |
| 4834107599 | telegraphic speech | two word stage; speaks like a telegram; "go car", using nouns and verbs | 34 | |
| 4834107600 | overextension | language error; one word used to describe similar things Ex: dada used to describe all men | 35 | |
| 4834107601 | underextension | language error; one word to describe one specific thing Ex: Micky = only Carson's blanket | 36 | |
| 4834107602 | overgeneralization | language error; love grammar rules, force to fit irregularities Ex: "I go-ed" instead of "I went" | 37 | |
| 4834107603 | Skinner | nurture/environment; believed language is learned; we use association, imitation, and reinforcement | 38 | |
| 4834107604 | Chomsky | nature/biology; language acquisition device (LAD), universal grammar, motherese | 39 | |
| 4834107605 | language acquisition device | Chomsky; brain is prewired for language. switches in brain are thrown as we experience language | 40 | |
| 4834107606 | universal grammar | Chomsky; same language building blocks (nouns, verbs, etc.); acquire untaught words/grammar, generate sentences they've never heard, make few mistakes | 41 | |
| 4834107607 | motherese | Chomsky; parents are biologically programmed to encourage language (baby talk) | 42 | |
| 4834107608 | Whorf | linguistic relativity, linguistic determination, believed that thought is influenced and constrained by the language you speak Ex: Eskimos have 20 words for snow, Fiji has no words for snow | 43 | |
| 4834107609 | linguistic relativity | Whorf; different languages carve up and name the world differently | 44 | |
| 4834107610 | linguistic determination | Whorf; language shapes thought | 45 |
