Terms : Hide Images
| 9995976087 | cognition | the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating | 0 | |
| 9995976088 | concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people | 1 | |
| 9995976089 | prototype | a mental image or best example of a category; matching new items to it provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category | 2 | |
| 9995976090 | algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem; contrasts with the usually speedier, but more error-prone, heuristics | 3 | |
| 9995976091 | heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but more error-prone than algorithms | 4 | |
| 9995976092 | insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions | 5 | |
| 9995976093 | inductive reasoning | informal reasoning; trying to asses the believability of a conclusion based on the evidence to support it--use a heuristic | 6 | |
| 9995976094 | deductive reasoning | formal reasoning; process of following a set of rigorous procedures to reach correct conclusions--use an algorithm | 7 | |
| 9995976095 | confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions | 8 | |
| 9995976096 | fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving | 9 | |
| 9995976097 | mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past | 10 | |
| 9995976098 | functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions, an impediment to problem solving | 11 | |
| 9995976099 | representativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information | 12 | |
| 9995976100 | availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness_) we presume such events are common | 13 | |
| 9995976101 | overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments | 14 | |
| 9995976102 | framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments | 15 | |
| 9995976103 | belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited | 16 | |
| 9995976104 | language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning | 17 | |
| 9995976105 | Noam Chomsky | linguist; believed that children learn the language of their environment, but believed that they acquire untaught words and grammar too quickly to be related to learning principles; universal grammar, language acquisition device | 18 | |
| 9995976106 | phoneme | in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit | 19 | |
| 9995976107 | morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix) | 20 | |
| 9995976108 | grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with an understand others | 21 | |
| 9995976109 | semantics | the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning | 22 | |
| 9995976110 | syntax | the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language | 23 | |
| 9995976111 | surface structure of language | phonemes, morphemes, words, and sentences and the rules by which we combine them | 24 | |
| 9995976112 | deep structure of language | the meaning conveyed by language | 25 | |
| 9995976113 | receptive language | the understanding of language | 26 | |
| 9995976114 | productive language | the ability to produce words (use language) | 27 | |
| 9995976115 | babbling stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language | 28 | |
| 9995976116 | one-word stage | the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words | 29 | |
| 9995976117 | two-word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements | 30 | |
| 9995976118 | telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--"go car"--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words | 31 | |
| 9995976119 | B.F. Skinner | behaviorist; believed that we can explain language development with familiar learning principles, such as association, imitation, and reinforcement | 32 | |
| 9995976120 | language acquisition device | Chomsky's concept of an innate, prewired mechanism in the brain that allows children to acquire language naturally | 33 | |
| 9995976121 | linguistic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think | 34 | |
| 9995976122 | Benjamin Whorf | language theorist, linguistic determinism (language affects thinking) | 35 | |
| 9995976123 | Wolfgang Kohler | a founder of Gestalt Theory, his studies with apes led him to a view of problem solving as an active process of insight | 36 | |
| 9995976124 | anchoring bias | The tendency, in forming perceptions or making quantitative judgments of some entity under conditions of uncertainty, to give excessive weight to the initial starting value ( anchor ) | 37 |
