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| The tendency to believe after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. | ||
| Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. | ||
| An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations. | ||
| A testable prediction; often implied by a theory. | ||
| A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. | ||
| Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances. | ||
| An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. | ||
| A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them. | ||
| The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. | ||
| All the cases in a group from which samples may be drawn for a study. | ||
| A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion. | ||
| Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. | ||
| A statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. | ||
| A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. | ||
| The perception of a relationship where none exists. | ||
| A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process. | ||
| An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the staff are ignorant about who has received the real medication, and who has received the placebo. | ||
| Experimental results caused by expectations alone. Effect or behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent. | ||
| The condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable. (With treatment) | ||
| The condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. (Without treatment) | ||
| Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to different groups. | ||
| The experimental factor that is manipulated; The variable whose effect is being studied. | ||
| The factor (behavior) that is being measured. | ||
| The most frequently occurring score in a distribution. | ||
| The arithmetic average; add the scores and divide by the # of scores. | ||
| Middle score in a distribution. | ||
| The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. | ||
| A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. | ||
| How likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. | ||
| The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. | ||
| A random error in gene replication that leads to a change in the sequence of nucleotides; the source of all genetic diversity. | ||
| The characteristics by which people define male and female. |
