Terms : Hide Images
| 6079552380 | Learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience | 0 | |
| 6079552381 | Habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner | 1 | |
| 6079552382 | Associative Learning | learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) | 2 | |
| 6079552383 | Classical Conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events | 3 | |
| 6079552384 | Behaviorism | the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2) | 4 | |
| 6079552385 | Unconditioned Response (UR) | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth | 5 | |
| 6079552386 | Unconditioned Stimulus (US) | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response | 6 | |
| 6079552387 | Conditioned Response (CR) | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) | 7 | |
| 6079552388 | Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response | 8 | |
| 6079552389 | Acquisition | in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response | 9 | |
| 6079552390 | Higher-order Conditioning | a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.) | 10 | |
| 6079552391 | Extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced | 11 | |
| 6079552392 | Spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response | 12 | |
| 6079552393 | Generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses | 13 | |
| 6079552394 | Discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus | 14 | |
| 6079552395 | Learned Helplessness | the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events | 15 | |
| 6079552396 | Respondent Behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus | 16 | |
| 6079552397 | Operant Conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher | 17 | |
| 6079552398 | Operant Behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences | 18 | |
| 6079552399 | Law of Effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely | 19 | |
| 6079552400 | Shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior | 20 | |
| 6079552401 | Discriminative Stimulus | in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement) | 21 | |
| 6079552402 | Reinforcer | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows | 22 | |
| 6079552403 | Positive Reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response | 23 | |
| 6079552404 | Negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.) | 24 | |
| 6079552405 | Primary Reinforce | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need | 25 | |
| 6079552406 | Conditioned Reinforce | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer | 26 | |
| 6079552407 | Continuous Reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs | 27 | |
| 6079552408 | Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement | 28 | |
| 6079552409 | Fixed-ratio Schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses | 29 | |
| 6079552410 | Fixed-interval Schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed | 30 | |
| 6079552411 | Punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows. | 31 | |
| 6079552412 | Genitive Map | 32 | ||
| 6079552413 | Latent Learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it | 33 | |
| 6079552414 | Insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions. | 34 | |
| 6079552415 | Intrinsic Motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake | 35 | |
| 6079552416 | Extrinsic Motivation | a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment | 36 | |
| 6079552417 | Biofeedback | a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension | 37 | |
| 6079552418 | Observational Learning | learning by observing others. | 38 | |
| 6079552419 | Mirror Neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy | 39 | |
| 6079552420 | Prosocial Behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior | 40 |
