Terms : Hide Images
| 141505541 | memory | the system that allows us to retain information and bring it to mind | |
| 141505542 | memory encoding | the process of converting information into a form that can be stored into memory | |
| 141505543 | memory storage | the process of retaining information in memory | |
| 141505544 | memory retrieval | the process of accessing and bringing into consciousness information stored in memory | |
| 141505545 | retrieval cues | cues associated with the original learning that facilitate the retrieval of memories | |
| 141505546 | encoding specificity principle | the belief that retrieval will be more successful when cues available during recall are similar to those present when the material was first committed to memory | |
| 141505547 | context-dependent memory effect | tendency for info to be better recalled in the same context in which it was originally learned | |
| 141505548 | state-dependent memory effect | The tendency to recall information better if one is in the same pharmacological or psychological state as when the information was encoded | |
| 141505549 | three-stage model | a model of memory that posits three distinct stages of memory: sensory memory, short term memory, and long-term memory | |
| 141505550 | sensory memory | the storage system that holds memory of sensory impressions for a very short time | |
| 141505551 | sensory register | a temporary storage device for holding sensory memories | |
| 141505552 | iconic memory | a sensory store for holding a mental representation of a visual image for a fraction of a second. | |
| 141505553 | eidetic imagery | a lingering mental representation of a visual image (photographic memory) | |
| 141505554 | echoic memory | a sensory store for holding a mental representation of a sound for a few seconds after it registers in the ears | |
| 141505555 | short-term memory (STM) | the memory storage system that allows for short-term retention of information before it is either transferred to long-term memory or forgotten | |
| 141505556 | working memory | the memory system that enables you to hold and manipulate information in your mind for brief periods of time | |
| 141505557 | chunking | the process of enhancing retention of a large amount of information by breaking it down into smaller more easily recalled chunks. | |
| 141505558 | maintenance rehearsal | the process of extending retention of information held in short-term memory by consciously repeating the information. | |
| 141505559 | phonological loop | the speech-based part of working memory that allows for the verbal rehearsal of sounds or words | |
| 141505560 | visuospatial sketchpad | the storage buffer for visual-spatial material held in short term memory | |
| 141505561 | central executive | the component of working memory responsible for coordinating the other subsystems, receiving and processing stored information, and filtering out distracting thoughts. | |
| 141505562 | long-term memory | the memory subsystem responsible for long-term storage of information | |
| 141505563 | consolidation | the process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories | |
| 141505564 | elaborative rehearsal | the process of transferring information from short-term to long-term memory by consciously focusing on the meaning of the information | |
| 141505565 | levels-of-processing theory | the belief that how well of how long information is remembered depends on the depth of encoding or processing | |
| 141505566 | semantic network model | a representation of the organizational structure of long-term memory in terms of a network of associated concepts | |
| 141505567 | declarative memory | memory of facts and personal information that requires a conscious effort to bring to mind (explicit memory) | |
| 141505568 | semantic memory | memory of facts | |
| 141505569 | episodic memory | memory of personal experiences | |
| 141505570 | retrospective memory | memory of past experiences or events and previously acquired information | |
| 141505571 | prospective memory | memory of things one plans to do in the future | |
| 141505572 | procedural memory | memory of how to do things that require motor or performance skills | |
| 141505573 | implicit memory | memory accessed without conscious effort | |
| 141505574 | explicit memory | memory accessed through conscious effort | |
| 141505575 | priming task | an experimental task in which subjects are presented with a stimulus that primes them to respond in a certain way to subsequent stimuli | |
| 141505576 | constructionist theory | a theory that holds that memory is not a replica of the past, but a representation, or reconstruction, of the past | |
| 141505577 | memory schema | an organized knowledge structure, such as a set of beliefs, that reflects one's past experiences, expectancies, and knowledge about the world | |
| 141505578 | flashbulb memories | enduring memories of emotionally charged events that seem permanently seared into the brain | |
| 141505579 | misinformation effect | a form of memory distortion that affects eyewitness testimony and that is caused by misinformation provided during the retention interval | |
| 141505580 | decay theory | a theory of forgetting that posits that memories consist of traces laid down in the brain that gradually deteriorate and fade away over time | |
| 141505581 | savings method | a method of testing memory retention by comparing the numbers of trials needed to learn material with the number of trials needed to relearn the material at a later time | |
| 141505582 | massed vs. spaced practice effect | the tendency for retention of learned material to be greater with spaced practice than with massed practice | |
| 141505583 | interference theory | the belief that forgetting is the result of the interference of memories with each other | |
| 141505584 | retroactive interference | a form of interference in which newly acquired information interferes with retention of material learned earlier | |
| 141505585 | overlearning | practice repeated beyond the point necessary to reproduce material without error | |
| 141505586 | serial position effect | the tendency to recall items at the start or end of a list better than items in the middle of a list | |
| 141505587 | primacy effect | the tendency to recall items better when the are learned first | |
| 141505588 | recency effect | the tendency to recall items better when they are learned last. | |
| 141505589 | retrieval theory | the belief that forgetting is the result of a failure to access stored memories | |
| 141505590 | tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon | an experience in which people are sure they know something but can't seem to bring it to mind | |
| 141505591 | repression | in Freudian theory, a type of defense mechanism involving motivated forgetting of anxiety-evoking material | |
| 141505592 | recall task | a memory task, such as an essay test, requiring retrieval of stored information with minimal cues available | |
| 141505593 | recognition task | a method of measuring memory retention that assesses the ability to select the correct answer from among a range of alternative answer | |
| 141505594 | amnesia | loss of memory | |
| 141505595 | retrograde amnesia | loss of memory of past events | |
| 141505596 | anterograde amnesia | loss or impairment of the ability to form or store new memories | |
| 141505597 | childhood amnesia | the normal occurrence of amnesia for events occurring during infancy and early childhood | |
| 141505598 | dissociative amnesia | a psychologically based form of amnesia involving the "splitting off" from memory of traumatic or troubling experiences. | |
| 141505599 | engram | Lashley's term for the physical trace or etching of a memory in the brain. | |
| 141505600 | neuronal networks | memory circuits in the brain that consist of complicated networks of nerve cells | |
| 141505601 | long-term potentiation (LTP) | the long-term strengthening of neural connections as the result of repeated stimulation | |
| 141505602 | mnemonic | a device for improving memory | |
| 141505603 | acronym | a word composed of the first letters of a series of words | |
| 141505604 | acrostic | a verse of saying in which the first or last letter of each word stands for something else | |
| 141505605 | cognitive psychology | the branch of psychology that focuses on such mental processes as thinking, problem solving, decision making, and use of language. | |
| 141505606 | thinking | the process of mentally representing and manipulating information | |
| 141505607 | mental image | a mental picture of representation of an object or event | |
| 141505608 | concepts | mental categories for classifying events, objects, and ideas on the basis of their common features or properties. | |
| 141505609 | logical concepts | concepts with clearly defined rules for membership | |
| 141505610 | natural concepts | concepts with poorly defined or fuzzy rules for membership | |
| 141505611 | superordinate concepts | the broadest concepts in a three-level hierarchy of concepts | |
| 141505612 | basic-level concepts | the middle level of concepts in a three level hierarchy of concepts, corresponding to the categories we most often use in grouping objects and events | |
| 141505613 | subordinate concepts | the narrowest level of concepts in a three-level hierarchy | |
| 141505614 | positive instance | an object that fits a particular object | |
| 141505615 | negative instance | an object that does not fit a particular concept | |
| 141505616 | problem solving | a form of thinking focused on finding a solution to a particular problem | |
| 141505617 | algorithm | a step-by-step set of rules that will always lead to a correct solution to a problem | |
| 141505618 | heuristic | a rule of thumb for solving problems or making judgments or decisions | |
| 141505619 | analogy | in problem-solving, a strategy based on using similarities between the properties of two things or applying solutions to past problems to the problem at hand | |
| 141505620 | incubation period | a respite from active problem-solving efforts, which may facilitate a solution | |
| 141505621 | mental set | the tendency to rely on strategies that worked in similar situations in the past but that may not be appropriate to the present situation | |
| 141505622 | functional fixedness | the tendency to perceive objects as limited to the customary functions they serve. | |
| 141505623 | decision making | a form of problem solving in which one must select a course of action from among the available alternatives | |
| 141505624 | confirmation bias | the tendency to maintain allegiance to an initial hypothesis despite strong evidence to the contrary | |
| 141505625 | representativeness heuristic | a rule of thumb for making a judgment that assumes a given sample is representative of the larger population from which it is drawn | |
| 141505626 | availability heuristic | the tendency to judge events as more likely to occur when information pertaining to them comes readily to mind | |
| 141505627 | framing | the tendency for decisions to be influence by how potential outcomes are phrased. | |
| 141505628 | creativity | originality of thought associated with the development of new, workable products or solutions to problems | |
| 141505629 | divergent thinking | the ability to conceive of new ways of viewing situations and new uses for familiar objects | |
| 141505630 | convergent thinking | the attempt to narrow down a range of alternatives to converge on the one correct answer to a problem | |
| 141505631 | metaphor | a figure of speech used to represent an object or concept by comparing it to another. | |
| 141505632 | conceptual combinations | combinations of two or more concepts into one concept, resulting in the creation of a novel idea or application. | |
| 141505633 | conceptual expansion | the expansion of familiar concepts into new uses | |
| 141505634 | language | a system of communication composed of symbols that are arranged according to a set of rules | |
| 141505635 | grammar | the state of rules governing how symbols in a given language are used to form meaningful expressions | |
| 141505636 | phonemes | the basic units of sound in a language. | |
| 141505637 | morphemes | the smallest units of meaning in a language | |
| 141505638 | syntax | the rules of grammar that determine how words are ordered within sentences or phrases to form meaningful expressions | |
| 141505639 | semantics | the set of rules governing the meaning of words | |
| 141505640 | reliability | the stability of test scores over time |
