Myers' Psychology for AP Chapter 7B Cognition: Thinking, Problem Solving, Creativity, and Language
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| 8323219335 | Cognition | The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |  | 0 |
| 8323219336 | Concept | A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |  | 1 |
| 8323219337 | Prototype | A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin) |  | 2 |
| 8323219338 | Algorithm | A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier, but also more error prone- use of heuristics/ | 3 | |
| 8323219339 | Heuristics | A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgement and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms Ex- not going to the ice cream isle for crackers | 4 | |
| 8323219340 | Insight | A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions |  | 5 |
| 8323219341 | Creativity | The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. |  | 6 |
| 8323219342 | Confirmation Bias | A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. |  | 7 |
| 8323219343 | Fixation | The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set |  | 8 |
| 8323219344 | Mental Set | A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |  | 9 |
| 8323219345 | Functional Fixedness | The tendency to think of things only in the terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving |  | 10 |
| 8323219346 | Representativeness Heuristic | Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information |  | 11 |
| 8323219347 | Availability Heuristic | Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common |  | 12 |
| 8323219348 | Overconfidence | The tendency to be more confident than correct -- to over estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements |  | 13 |
| 8323219349 | Belief Perseverance | Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which thy were formed has been discredited |  | 14 |
| 8323219350 | Intuiton | An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thoughts as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning | 15 | |
| 8323219351 | Framing | The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements |  | 16 |
| 8323219352 | Language | Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning |  | 17 |
| 8323219353 | Phoneme | In language, the smallest distinctive sound unite |  | 18 |
| 8323219354 | Morpheme | In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix) |  | 19 |
| 8323219355 | Grammar | In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others | 20 | |
| 8323219356 | Semantics | The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning |  | 21 |
| 8323219357 | Syntax | The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language |  | 22 |
| 8323219358 | Babbling Stage | Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |  | 23 |
| 8323219359 | One-Word Stage | The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words |  | 24 |
| 8323219360 | Two-Word Stage | Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word stagements |  | 25 |
| 8323219361 | Telegraphic Speech | Early Speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram --"Go Car"-- using mostly nouns and verbs |  | 26 |
| 8323219362 | Linguistic Determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |  | 27 |
