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| 9941219597 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 9941219598 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
| 9941219599 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 2 | |
| 9941219600 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 3 | |
| 9941219601 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
| 9941219602 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
| 9941219603 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
| 9941219604 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
| 9941219605 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
| 9941219606 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
| 9941219607 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 10 | |
| 9941219608 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 11 | |
| 9941219609 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 12 | |
| 9941219610 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 13 | |
| 9941219611 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 14 | |
| 9941219612 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 15 | |
| 9941219613 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 16 | |
| 9941219614 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 17 | |
| 9941219615 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 18 | |
| 9941219616 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 19 | |
| 9941219617 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 20 | |
| 9941219618 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 21 | |
| 9941219619 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 22 | |
| 9941219620 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 23 | |
| 9941219621 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 24 | |
| 9941219622 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 25 | |
| 9941219623 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 26 | |
| 9941219624 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 27 | |
| 9941219625 | theory | general idea being tested | 28 | |
| 9941219626 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 29 | |
| 9941219627 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 30 | |
| 9941219628 | mode | appears the most | 31 | |
| 9941219629 | mean | average | 32 | |
| 9941219630 | median | middle | 33 | |
| 9941219631 | range | highest - lowest | 34 | |
| 9941219632 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 35 | |
| 9941219633 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 36 | |
| 9941219634 | bell curve | (natural curve) |  | 37 |
| 9941219635 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 38 | |
| 9941219636 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 39 | |
| 9941219637 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 40 | |
| 9941219638 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 41 | |
| 9941219639 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 42 | |
| 9941219831 | neuron |  | 43 | |
| 9941219640 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 44 | |
| 9941219641 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 45 | |
| 9941219642 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 46 | |
| 9941219643 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 47 | |
| 9941219644 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 48 | |
| 9941219645 | excitatory charge | "Let's do it!" | 49 | |
| 9941219646 | inhibitory charge | "Let's not do it!" | 50 | |
| 9941219647 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 51 | |
| 9941219648 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 52 | |
| 9941219649 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 53 | |
| 9941219650 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 54 | |
| 9941219651 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing | 55 | |
| 9941219652 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming | 56 | |
| 9941219653 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used | 57 | |
| 9941219654 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 58 | |
| 9941219655 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 59 | |
| 9941219656 | master gland | pituitary gland | 60 | |
| 9941219657 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 61 | |
| 9941219658 | reticular formation (if stimulated) | sleeping subject wakes up | 62 | |
| 9941219659 | reticular formation (if damaged) | coma | 63 | |
| 9941219660 | brainstem (if severed) | still move (without purpose) | 64 | |
| 9941219661 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 65 | |
| 9941219662 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 66 | |
| 9941219663 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 67 | |
| 9941219664 | cerebellum (if damaged) | difficulty walking and coordinating | 68 | |
| 9941219665 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 69 | |
| 9941219666 | amygdala (if lesioned) | subject is mellow | 70 | |
| 9941219667 | amygdala (if stimulated) | aggressive | 71 | |
| 9941219668 | hippocampus | process new memory | 72 | |
| 9941219669 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 73 | |
| 9941219670 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 74 | |
| 9941219671 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 75 | |
| 9941219672 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 76 | |
| 9941219673 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 77 | |
| 9941219674 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 78 | |
| 9941219675 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 79 | |
| 9941219676 | occipital lobe | vision | 80 | |
| 9941219677 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 81 | |
| 9941219678 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 82 | |
| 9941219679 | Broca's area | speaking words | 83 | |
| 9941219680 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 84 | |
| 9941219681 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 85 | |
| 9941219682 | bottom-up processing | senses to brain | 86 | |
| 9941219683 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 87 | |
| 9941219684 | top-down processing | brain to senses | 88 | |
| 9941219685 | inattentional blindness | fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere | 89 | |
| 9941219686 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 90 | |
| 9941219687 | change blindness | giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice | 91 | |
| 9941219688 | choice blindness | when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed | 92 | |
| 9941219689 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 93 | |
| 9941219690 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying) | 94 | |
| 9941219691 | JND (just noticeable difference) | (Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion | 95 | |
| 9941219692 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 96 | |
| 9941219693 | rods | night time | 97 | |
| 9941219694 | cones | color | 98 | |
| 9941219695 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 99 | |
| 9941219696 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 100 | |
| 9941219697 | Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 101 | |
| 9941219698 | trichromatic + opponent-process | Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex | 102 | |
| 9941219699 | frequency we hear most | human voice | 103 | |
| 9941219700 | Helmoltz (hearing) | we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches) | 104 | |
| 9941219701 | frequency theory | impulse frequency (low pitches) | 105 | |
| 9941219702 | Helmholtz + frequency theory | middle pitches | 106 | |
| 9941219703 | Skin feels what? | warmth, cold, pressure, pain | 107 | |
| 9941219704 | gate-control theory | small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses | 108 | |
| 9941219705 | memory of pain | peaks and ends | 109 | |
| 9941219706 | smell | close to memory section (not in thalamus) | 110 | |
| 9941219707 | grouping | Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole | 111 | |
| 9941219708 | grouping groups | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 112 | |
| 9941219709 | make assumptions of placement | higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front | 113 | |
| 9941219710 | perception = | mood + motivation | 114 | |
| 9941219711 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 115 | |
| 9941219712 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 116 | |
| 9941219713 | circadian rhythm pattern | - activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin | 117 | |
| 9941219714 | What messes with circadian rhythm? | artificial light | 118 | |
| 9941219715 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | 90 minutes | 119 | |
| 9941219716 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 120 | |
| 9941219717 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 121 | |
| 9941219718 | insomnia | can't sleep | 122 | |
| 9941219719 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 123 | |
| 9941219720 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 124 | |
| 9941219721 | night terrors | prevalent in children | 125 | |
| 9941219722 | sleepwalking/sleeptalking | hereditary - prevalent in children | 126 | |
| 9941219723 | dreaming (3) | 1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries | 127 | |
| 9941219724 | purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES) | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 128 | |
| 9941219726 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 129 | |
| 9941219727 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 130 | |
| 9941219728 | barbituates (tranquilizers) | ((depressant)) reduce anxiety | 131 | |
| 9941219729 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 132 | |
| 9941219730 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 133 | |
| 9941219731 | methamphetamine | ((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine | 134 | |
| 9941219732 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 135 | |
| 9941219733 | nicotine | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 136 | |
| 9941219734 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 137 | |
| 9941219735 | hallucinogen | excites neural activity | 138 | |
| 9941219736 | ecstasy | ((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin | 139 | |
| 9941219737 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin | 140 | |
| 9941219738 | marijuana | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 141 | |
| 9941219739 | learning | organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events) | 142 | |
| 9941219740 | types of learning | classical operant observational | 143 | |
| 9941219741 | famous classical psychologists | Pavlov and Watson | 144 | |
| 9941219742 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 145 | |
| 9941219743 | famous observational psychologists | Bandura | 146 | |
| 9941219744 | classical conditioning | outside stimulus | 147 | |
| 9941219745 | Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 148 | |
| 9941219746 | Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 149 | |
| 9941219747 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 150 | |
| 9941219748 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 151 | |
| 9941219749 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 152 | |
| 9941219750 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 153 | |
| 9941219751 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 154 | |
| 9941219752 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 155 | |
| 9941219753 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 156 | |
| 9941219754 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 157 | |
| 9941219755 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 158 | |
| 9941219756 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card) | 159 | |
| 9941219757 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery) | 160 | |
| 9941219758 | organism must do these (2 times) | fixed ratio and variable ratio | 161 | |
| 9941219759 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 162 | |
| 9941219760 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 163 | |
| 9941219761 | these things happen regardless (2 times) | fixed interval and variable interval | 164 | |
| 9941219762 | Which (fixed/variable) conditions better? | variable | 165 | |
| 9941219763 | criticisms of Skinner | doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation | 166 | |
| 9941219764 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 167 | |
| 9941219765 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 168 | |
| 9941219766 | Skinner's legacy | use it personally, at school, and at work | 169 | |
| 9941219767 | famous observational experiment | Bandura's Bobo doll | 170 | |
| 9941219768 | famous observational psychologist | Bandura | 171 | |
| 9941219769 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 172 | |
| 9941219770 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil | 173 | |
| 9941219771 | observational learning | biological behaviors work best | 174 | |
| 9941219772 | habituation | get used to it -> stop reacting | 175 | |
| 9941219773 | examples for observational learning | lectures and reading | 176 | |
| 9941219774 | serotonin involved with memory | speeds the connection between neurons | 177 | |
| 9941219775 | LTP | ((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed) | 178 | |
| 9941219776 | CREB | protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories | 179 | |
| 9941219777 | glutamate involved with memory | neurotransmitter that enhances LTP | 180 | |
| 9941219778 | glucose involved with memory | released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered)) | 181 | |
| 9941219779 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 182 | |
| 9941219780 | amygdala (memory) | boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight | 183 | |
| 9941219781 | cerebellum (memory) | forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning)) | 184 | |
| 9941219782 | hippocampus (memory) | active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours)) | 185 | |
| 9941219783 | memory | learning over time contains information that can be retrieved | 186 | |
| 9941219784 | processing stages | encoding -> storage -> retrieval | 187 | |
| 9941219785 | encoding | information going in | 188 | |
| 9941219786 | storage | keeping information in | 189 | |
| 9941219787 | retrieval | taking information out | 190 | |
| 9941219788 | How long is sensory memory stored? | seconds | 191 | |
| 9941219789 | How long is short-term memory stored? | less than a minute | 192 | |
| 9941219790 | How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory? | 7 | 193 | |
| 9941219791 | How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory? | 4 | 194 | |
| 9941219792 | How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory? | 2 | 195 | |
| 9941219793 | short term memory goes to ______________ | working memory | 196 | |
| 9941219794 | working memory | make a connection and process information to mean something | 197 | |
| 9941219795 | working memory goes to _________________ | long-term memory | 198 | |
| 9941219796 | How much is stored in long-term memory? | LIMITLESS | 199 | |
| 9941219797 | implicit memory | naturally do | 200 | |
| 9941219798 | explicit memory | need to explain | 201 | |
| 9941219799 | automatic processing | space, time, frequency, well-learned information | 202 | |
| 9941219800 | effortful processing | processing that requires effort | 203 | |
| 9941219801 | spacing effect | spread out learning over time | 204 | |
| 9941219802 | serial position effect | primary/recency effect | 205 | |
| 9941219803 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 206 | |
| 9941219804 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 207 | |
| 9941219805 | effortful processing (4 things) | 1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect | 208 | |
| 9941219806 | semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to | make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you | 209 | |
| 9941219807 | if we can't remember a memory... | 1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story | 210 | |
| 9941219808 | misinformation effect | not correct information | 211 | |
| 9941219809 | imagination inflation | imagine or visualize something that isn't real | 212 | |
| 9941219810 | source amnesia | what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?) | 213 | |
| 9941219811 | priming | association (setting you up) | 214 | |
| 9941219812 | context | environment helps with memory | 215 | |
| 9941219813 | state-dependency | you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high) | 216 | |
| 9941219814 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 217 | |
| 9941219815 | forgetting curve | forget after 5 days forget after 5 years | 218 | |
| 9941219816 | the forgetting curve was created by | Ebbinghaus | 219 | |
| 9941219817 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 220 | |
| 9941219818 | retroactive interference | new information interferes with the old | 221 | |
| 9941219819 | children can't remember before age __ | 3 | 222 | |
| 9941219820 | Loftus | connected to abuse cases/childhood | 223 | |
| 9941219821 | prototypes | generalize | 224 | |
| 9941219822 | problem-solving (4) | trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!" | 225 | |
| 9941219823 | against problem-solving | fixation | 226 | |
| 9941219824 | mental set | what has worked in the past | 227 | |
| 9941219825 | functional fixedness | only way to do this is with this | 228 | |
| 9941219826 | Chomsky (nature or nurture?) | "born with language" (nature) | 229 | |
| 9941219827 | Skinner (nature or nurture?) | language is learned (nurture) | 230 | |
| 9941219828 | grammar is _________ | universal | 231 | |
| 9941219829 | phonemes | smallest sound unit | 232 | |
| 9941219830 | morphemes | smallest meaning unit | 233 |
