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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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14947869519psychologythe study of behavior and mental processes0
14947869520psychology's biggest questionWhich is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?1
14947869521psychology's three levels of analysisbiopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)2
14947869522biological approachgenetics, close-relatives, body functions3
14947869523evolutionary approachspecies - helped with survival (ancestors)4
14947869524psychodynamic approach(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes5
14947869525behavioral approachlearning (classical and operant) observed6
14947869526cognitive approachthinking affects behavior7
14947869527humanistic approachbecoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)8
14947869528social-cultural approachcultural, family, environment9
14947869529two reasons of why experiments are importanthindsight bias + overconfidence10
14947869530types of research methodsdescriptive, correlational, and experimental11
14947869531descriptive methodscase study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)12
14947869532case studystudies one person in depth may not be typical of population13
14947869533surveystudies lots of people not in depth14
14947869534naturalistic observationobserve + write facts without interference15
14947869535correlational methodshows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research16
14947869536correlation coefficient+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)17
14947869537experimental methoddoes show cause and effect18
14947869538populationtype of people who are going to be used in experiment19
14947869539sampleactual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)20
14947869540random assignmentchance selection between experimental and control groups21
14947869541control groupnot receiving experimental treatment receives placebo22
14947869542experimental groupreceiving treatment/drug23
14947869543independent variabledrug/procedure/treatment24
14947869544dependent variableoutcome of using the drug/treatment25
14947869545confounding variablecan affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control26
14947869546scientific methodtheory hypothesis operational definition revision27
14947869547theorygeneral idea being tested28
14947869548hypothesismeasurable/specific29
14947869549operational definitionprocedures that explain components30
14947869550modeappears the most31
14947869551meanaverage32
14947869552medianmiddle33
14947869553rangehighest - lowest34
14947869554standard deviationhow scores vary around the mean35
14947869555central tendencysingle score that represents the whole36
14947869556bell curve(natural curve)37
14947869557ethics of testing on animalsneed to be treated humanly basically similar to humans38
14947869558ethics of testing on humansconsent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality39
14949744353Nature-nurture issueThe longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today sciences sees traits and behaviors arising from the interactions to nature and nurture.40
14949792948StructuralismUses introspection to explore the structural elements of humans mind41
14949812415FunctionalismHow are mental and behavior processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish42
14949842390BiologicalThe interaction between anatomy( Brian, nervous) and behavior. What's affects your body affects you behaviors43
14949875454EvolutionaryThe study of evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selections. We behave because we interdicted those traits and behaviors.44
14949923555cognitiveTo understands someone's behavior. we must understand how they think. How does our interpretation of a situation affect our thinking reactions, behaviors.45
14949950010behaviorsbehaviors is determined by your environment and experience not genetics.46
14949978966HumanisitcHave unique qualities of behaviors different from other animals. Self actualization- process of fulfilling your potential.47
14950008256SocioculturalYour behavior and your feeling are dictated by the culture you live in.48
14950022331PsychoanalyticInteraction between the conscious and unconscious( mental process) that we do not normally have access to but are influenced by shape behaviors.49
14950099500Hindsight biasThe tendency to believe after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.( I-knew-it-all-along)50
14950146707Operational definitionA carefully worded statement of the exact procedures(operations) used in a research study. -how it will be measured51
14950215974ReplicationRepeating the essence of a research study usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.52
14950271261Case studya descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. Survey/testing and naturalistic observation, correlation assessing. Not always generalizable53
14950286795Naturalistic observationsobserving and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. Weakness: cannot know what people are thinking or feeling. Strength: easy source of collecting data54
14950357078Surveysa technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group. Strengths: cheap and easy way to collect data. Can be worded wrong55
14950466434Longitudinal studiesThe same people are restudied and retreated over a long period of time. Weakness: costly because so long attrition rate is high(subject drop out rate) Strengths: data shows change over time56
14950519495Cross sectional studypeople of different ages are compared with one another at the same time. Weakness: difference among groups may not be due to age or development but to extraneous variables. Strengths: less time- consuming cheaper57
14950608859Laboratory observationAnimals/people studied in a laboratory setting Strengths: researcher can control aspects of study Weakness: laboratory setting do not replicate real life events58
14950642139random samplea sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion59
14950682227Random assignmentOnce you have a random sample, randomly assigned them into two groups helps controls for confounding variable -experimental group vs. control group -minimal differences60
14950756499confounding variableAnything that could cause change in B, that is not A61
14952499525correlationsA measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. (Relationship variables) -CORRELATION IS NOT CAUSATION62
14952567760Correlation coefficientStatistical measure of the relationship between 2 things(+1 to -1) - the closer to +1 to -1 the stronger the relationships -closer to 0 is weaker63
14952618689Scatter plotGraph that represents the values and variables64
14952634170Positive correlationThe variables go in the same direction65
14952643515Negative correlationThe variables go in opposite direction66
14952653487Illusory correctionthe perception of a relationship where none exists67
14952735210Random assignmentassigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups68
14952746032double-blind procedurean experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.69
14952753704Placeboeffect experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent70
14952766598Confounding variablesa factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment71
14952782964descriptive statisticsnumerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.72
14952792666Nominal scaleNumbers are used in place of a number or to categorize Ex. Drivers license plate73
14952809610Ordinal Scale(Order) numbers represents a position or an order Ex. Class rank74
14952825417Internal scaleConsistent units of measure. Equal spacing between measurements allows for mathematical Ex music notes75
14952844781ratio scaleSame consistent units of measure(intervals scale) but with the added property of a zero point76
14952868165frequency distributionClusters or pattern in the data that would not be seen in an unorganized list77
14952883736Grouped frequency distributionsOrganizes numbers into equal internal as a way or organizing the number78
14952915150measure of central tendenciesmean, median, mode79
14952919261Meanthe arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores. Skewed by extreme waste80
14952929501Medianthe middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it81
14952934487Modethe most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution82
14952940454RangeInterval, ordinal or ration data83
14952948758VarianceMeasure that tells how different the scores are from each other.84
14952965576Standard deviationMore meaningful. Standard deviation is the square root of the variables. Specific variables85
14953003714Research Ethics1. Obtain informed consent of participants 2. Protect them from harm and discomfort 3. Treat into about participants confidentially 4. Fully debrief participants: explains the research afterwards86

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