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| 7762859652 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 7762859653 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
| 7762859654 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 2 | |
| 7762859655 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 3 | |
| 7762859656 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
| 7762859657 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
| 7762859658 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
| 7762859659 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
| 7762859660 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
| 7762859661 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
| 7762859662 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 10 | |
| 7762859663 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 11 | |
| 7762859664 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 12 | |
| 7762859665 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 13 | |
| 7762859666 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 14 | |
| 7762859667 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 15 | |
| 7762859668 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 16 | |
| 7762859669 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 17 | |
| 7762859670 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 18 | |
| 7762859671 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 19 | |
| 7762859672 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 20 | |
| 7762859673 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 21 | |
| 7762859674 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 22 | |
| 7762859675 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 23 | |
| 7762859676 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 24 | |
| 7762859677 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 25 | |
| 7762859678 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 26 | |
| 7762859679 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 27 | |
| 7762859680 | theory | general idea being tested | 28 | |
| 7762859681 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 29 | |
| 7762859682 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 30 | |
| 7762859683 | mode | appears the most | 31 | |
| 7762859684 | mean | average | 32 | |
| 7762859685 | median | middle | 33 | |
| 7762859686 | range | highest - lowest | 34 | |
| 7762859687 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 35 | |
| 7762859688 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 36 | |
| 7762859689 | bell curve | (natural curve) |  | 37 |
| 7762859690 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 38 | |
| 7762859691 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 39 | |
| 7762859692 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 40 | |
| 7762859693 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 41 | |
| 7762859694 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 42 | |
| 7762859695 | neuron |  | 43 | |
| 7762859696 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 44 | |
| 7762859697 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 45 | |
| 7762859698 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 46 | |
| 7762859699 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 47 | |
| 7762859700 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 48 | |
| 7762859701 | excitatory charge | "Let's do it!" | 49 | |
| 7762859702 | inhibitory charge | "Let's not do it!" | 50 | |
| 7762859703 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 51 | |
| 7762859704 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 52 | |
| 7762859705 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 53 | |
| 7762859706 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 54 | |
| 7762859707 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing | 55 | |
| 7762859708 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming | 56 | |
| 7762859709 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used | 57 | |
| 7762859710 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 58 | |
| 7762859711 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 59 | |
| 7762859712 | master gland | pituitary gland | 60 | |
| 7762859713 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 61 | |
| 7762859717 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 62 | |
| 7762859718 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 63 | |
| 7762859719 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 64 | |
| 7762859721 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 65 | |
| 7762859724 | hippocampus | process new memory | 66 | |
| 7762859725 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 67 | |
| 7762859726 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 68 | |
| 7762859727 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 69 | |
| 7762859728 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 70 | |
| 7762859729 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 71 | |
| 7762859730 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 72 | |
| 7762859731 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 73 | |
| 7762859732 | occipital lobe | vision | 74 | |
| 7762859733 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 75 | |
| 7762859734 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 76 | |
| 7762859735 | Broca's area | speaking words | 77 | |
| 7762859736 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 78 | |
| 7762859737 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 79 | |
| 7762859738 | bottom-up processing | senses to brain | 80 | |
| 7762859739 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 81 | |
| 7762859740 | top-down processing | brain to senses | 82 | |
| 7762859741 | inattentional blindness | fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere | 83 | |
| 7762859742 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 84 | |
| 7762859743 | change blindness | giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice | 85 | |
| 7762859745 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 86 | |
| 7762859746 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying) | 87 | |
| 7762859747 | JND (just noticeable difference) | (Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion | 88 | |
| 7762859748 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 89 | |
| 7762859749 | rods | night time | 90 | |
| 7762859750 | cones | color | 91 | |
| 7762859751 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 92 | |
| 7762859752 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 93 | |
| 7762859753 | Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 94 | |
| 7762859759 | Skin feels what? | warmth, cold, pressure, pain | 95 | |
| 7762859760 | gate-control theory | small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses | 96 | |
| 7762859763 | grouping | Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole | 97 | |
| 7762859764 | grouping groups | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 98 | |
| 7762859765 | make assumptions of placement | higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front | 99 | |
| 7762859766 | perception = | mood + motivation | 100 | |
| 7762859767 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 101 | |
| 7762859768 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 102 | |
| 7762859769 | circadian rhythm pattern | - activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin | 103 | |
| 7762859770 | What messes with circadian rhythm? | artificial light | 104 | |
| 7762859771 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | 90 minutes | 105 | |
| 7762859772 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 106 | |
| 7762859773 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 107 | |
| 7762859774 | insomnia | can't sleep | 108 | |
| 7762859775 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 109 | |
| 7762859776 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 110 | |
| 7762859777 | night terrors | prevalent in children | 111 | |
| 7762859778 | sleepwalking/sleeptalking | hereditary - prevalent in children | 112 | |
| 7762859779 | dreaming (3) | 1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries | 113 | |
| 7762859780 | purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES) | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 114 | |
| 7762859782 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 115 | |
| 7762859783 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 116 | |
| 7762859785 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 117 | |
| 7762859786 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 118 | |
| 7762859788 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 119 | |
| 7762859789 | nicotine | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 120 | |
| 7762859790 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 121 | |
| 7762859793 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin | 122 | |
| 7762859794 | marijuana | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 123 | |
| 7762859795 | learning | organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events) | 124 | |
| 7762859796 | types of learning | classical operant observational | 125 | |
| 7762859797 | famous classical psychologists | Pavlov and Watson | 126 | |
| 7762859798 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 127 | |
| 7762859799 | famous observational psychologists | Bandura | 128 | |
| 7762859800 | classical conditioning | outside stimulus | 129 | |
| 7762859801 | Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 130 | |
| 7762859802 | Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 131 | |
| 7762859803 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 132 | |
| 7762859804 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 133 | |
| 7762859805 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 134 | |
| 7762859806 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 135 | |
| 7762859807 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 136 | |
| 7762859808 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 137 | |
| 7762859809 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 138 | |
| 7762859810 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 139 | |
| 7762859811 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 140 | |
| 7762859812 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card) | 141 | |
| 7762859813 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery) | 142 | |
| 7762859815 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 143 | |
| 7762859816 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 144 | |
| 7762859820 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 145 | |
| 7762859821 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 146 | |
| 7762859822 | Skinner's legacy | use it personally, at school, and at work | 147 | |
| 7762859823 | famous observational experiment | Bandura's Bobo doll | 148 | |
| 7762859824 | famous observational psychologist | Bandura | 149 | |
| 7762859825 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 150 | |
| 7762859826 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil | 151 |
