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| 9859918138 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 9859918139 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
| 9859918140 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 2 | |
| 9859918141 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 3 | |
| 9859918142 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
| 9859918143 | psychodynamic approach | unconscious/subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
| 9859918144 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
| 9859918145 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
| 9859918146 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
| 9859918147 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
| 9859918148 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 10 | |
| 9859918149 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 11 | |
| 9859918150 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 12 | |
| 9859918151 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 13 | |
| 9859918152 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 14 | |
| 9859918153 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 15 | |
| 9859918154 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 16 | |
| 9859918155 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 17 | |
| 9859918156 | experimental method | does show cause and effect through the intentional manipulation of an independent variable | 18 | |
| 9859918157 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 19 | |
| 9859918158 | sample | actual population who will be studies (randomness reduces bias) | 20 | |
| 9859918159 | random assignment | chance selection of how participants will be studied (often the difference between a control group and an experimental group) | 21 | |
| 9859918162 | independent variable | the variable in the study that is changed/manipulated in the hopes of causing a hypothetical effect | 22 | |
| 9859918163 | dependent variable | the variable in the studied that is changed and measured as a result of the experiment | 23 | |
| 9859918164 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 24 | |
| 9859918165 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 25 | |
| 9859918167 | hypothesis | measurable/specific claim of the believed relationship that exists between 2 variables | 26 | |
| 9859918168 | operational definition | specific explanation of the variables that are studied that is provided to enhance replicability | 27 | |
| 9859918169 | mode | appears the most | 28 | |
| 9859918170 | mean | average | 29 | |
| 9859918171 | median | middle | 30 | |
| 9859918172 | range | highest - lowest | 31 | |
| 9859918173 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 32 | |
| 9859918175 | bell curve | (natural curve) |  | 33 |
| 9859918177 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality withdraw at any time | 34 | |
| 9859918178 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 35 | |
| 9859918179 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 36 | |
| 9859918180 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 37 | |
| 9859918372 | neuron |  | 38 | |
| 9859918181 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 39 | |
| 9859918182 | myelin sheath | protects the axon and regulates transmission speed | 40 | |
| 9859918183 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 41 | |
| 9859918184 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 42 | |
| 9859918185 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 43 | |
| 9859918186 | excitatory charge | "Let's do it!" | 44 | |
| 9859918187 | inhibitory charge | "Let's not do it!" | 45 | |
| 9859918188 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 46 | |
| 9859918189 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 47 | |
| 9859918190 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 48 | |
| 9859918191 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 49 | |
| 9859918192 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing/energizing; "fight or flight" | 50 | |
| 9859918193 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming/relaxing; "rest and digest" | 51 | |
| 9859918194 | neural plasticity | more connections in neural networks form with greater use while others fall away if not used | 52 | |
| 9859918195 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 53 | |
| 9859918196 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 54 | |
| 9859918197 | master gland | pituitary gland | 55 | |
| 9859918199 | reticular formation (if stimulated) | sleeping subject wakes up | 56 | |
| 9859918200 | reticular formation (if damaged) | coma | 57 | |
| 9859918202 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 58 | |
| 9859918203 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 59 | |
| 9859918204 | cerebellum | implicit memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 60 | |
| 9859918205 | cerebellum (if damaged) | difficulty walking and coordinating | 61 | |
| 9859918206 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions; triggers fight or flight response | 62 | |
| 9859918209 | hippocampus | process new memory; stores explicit memory | 63 | |
| 9859918213 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 64 | |
| 9859918214 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 65 | |
| 9859918215 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning; also pain, pressure, and position of body in space | 66 | |
| 9859918216 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 67 | |
| 9859918217 | occipital lobe | vision | 68 | |
| 9859918218 | corpus callosum | bridge in the brain that allows for cross-lateralization | 69 | |
| 9859918219 | Wernicke's area | in the temporal lobe, interprets auditory and hearing; COMPREHENSION of language | 70 | |
| 9859918220 | Broca's area | in the frontal lobe; PRODUCTION of language, like speaking words | 71 | |
| 9859918222 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 72 | |
| 9859918223 | bottom-up processing | senses to brain | 73 | |
| 9859918224 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 74 | |
| 9859918225 | top-down processing | brain to senses | 75 | |
| 9859918226 | inattentional blindness | fail to perceive sensory information because attention is elsewhere (think "invisible gorilla") | 76 | |
| 9859918227 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 77 | |
| 9859918230 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice the presence of a stimuli 50% of the time | 78 | |
| 9859918231 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us when we are presented with multiple stimuli at one time | 79 | |
| 9859918232 | JND (just noticeable difference) | (Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion | 80 | |
| 9859918233 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 81 | |
| 9859918234 | rods | processes better during night time, processing of black and white and peripheral vision | 82 | |
| 9859918235 | cones | processing of color and highly detailed vision | 83 | |
| 9859918236 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 84 | |
| 9859918237 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 85 | |
| 9859918238 | Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 86 | |
| 9859918241 | place theory of hearing | we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane | 87 | |
| 9859918242 | frequency theory | auditory processing is based on the vibration caused by the impulse of the sound's frequency | 88 | |
| 9859918244 | Skin feels what? | warmth, cold, pressure, pain | 89 | |
| 9859918245 | gate-control theory | the spine acts a gate to the brain that can allow or block signals to pass through to be sensed, or not (often specifically applied to pain management) | 90 | |
| 9859918247 | smell | close to memory section, (not in thalamus), highly integrated with the sense of taste | 91 | |
| 9859918248 | Gestalt principles of perception | make sense of pieces create a whole | 92 | |
| 9859918249 | Gestalt principles | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 93 | |
| 9859918252 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 94 | |
| 9859918253 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 95 | |
| 9859918254 | circadian rhythm pattern | - activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin | 96 | |
| 9859918255 | What messes with circadian rhythm? | artificial light | 97 | |
| 9859918256 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | approx. 90 minutes | 98 | |
| 9859918257 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 99 | |
| 9859918258 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 100 | |
| 9859918259 | insomnia | can't sleep | 101 | |
| 9859918260 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 102 | |
| 9859918261 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 103 | |
| 9859918264 | dreaming (3) | 1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries | 104 | |
| 9859918265 | purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES) | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 105 | |
| 9859918267 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 106 | |
| 9859918268 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 107 | |
| 9859918269 | barbituates (tranquilizers) | ((depressant)) reduce anxiety | 108 | |
| 9859918270 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 109 | |
| 9859918271 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 110 | |
| 9859918272 | methamphetamine | ((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine | 111 | |
| 9859918273 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 112 | |
| 9859918274 | nicotine | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 113 | |
| 9859918275 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 114 | |
| 9859918276 | hallucinogen | excites neural activity | 115 | |
| 9859918277 | ecstasy | ((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin | 116 | |
| 9859918278 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin | 117 | |
| 9859918279 | marijuana | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 118 | |
| 9859918280 | learning | organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events) | 119 | |
| 9859918281 | types of learning | classical operant observational | 120 | |
| 9859918282 | famous classical psychologists | Pavlov and Watson | 121 | |
| 9859918283 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 122 | |
| 9859918284 | famous observational psychologists | Bandura | 123 | |
| 9859918285 | classical conditioning | outside stimulus | 124 | |
| 9859918286 | Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: UCS (food) -> UCR (salivation) Step 2: PAIRING = NS (bell) -> UCS (food) -> UCR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 125 | |
| 9859918287 | Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: UCS (noise) -> UCR (cry) Step 2: PAIRING = NS (rat) -> UCS (noise) -> UCR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 126 | |
| 9859918288 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 127 | |
| 9859918289 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 128 | |
| 9859918290 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 129 | |
| 9859918291 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 130 | |
| 9859918292 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 131 | |
| 9859918293 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 132 | |
| 9859918294 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 133 | |
| 9859918295 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 134 | |
| 9859918296 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 135 | |
| 9859918297 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card) | 136 | |
| 9859918298 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery) | 137 | |
| 9859918299 | organism must do these (2 times) | fixed ratio and variable ratio | 138 | |
| 9859918300 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 139 | |
| 9859918301 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 140 | |
| 9859918302 | these things happen regardless (2 times) | fixed interval and variable interval | 141 | |
| 9859918303 | Which (fixed/variable) conditions better? | variable | 142 | |
| 9859918304 | criticisms of Skinner | doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation | 143 | |
| 9859918305 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 144 | |
| 9859918306 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 145 | |
| 9859918308 | famous observational experiment | Bandura's Bobo doll | 146 | |
| 9859918309 | famous observational psychologist | Bandura | 147 | |
| 9859918310 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 148 | |
| 9859918311 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil | 149 | |
| 9859918312 | observational learning | attention, motivation, retention, and reproduction | 150 | |
| 9859918313 | habituation | get used to it -> stop reacting | 151 | |
| 9859918315 | serotonin involved with memory | speeds the connection between neurons | 152 | |
| 9859918316 | Long term potentiation | strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed) | 153 | |
| 9859918320 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 154 | |
| 9859918324 | memory | learning over time contains information that can be retrieved | 155 | |
| 9859918325 | Information Processing Model | encoding -> storage -> retrieval | 156 | |
| 9859918326 | encoding | information going in; iconic, echoic, and semantic | 157 | |
| 9859918327 | storage | keeping information in, REHEARSAL, working memory model | 158 | |
| 9859918328 | retrieval | taking information out through recall or recognition | 159 | |
| 9859918329 | How long is sensory memory stored? | seconds | 160 | |
| 9859918330 | How long is short-term memory stored? | less than a minute | 161 | |
| 9859918331 | How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory? | 7 +/- 2 | 162 | |
| 9859918334 | short term memory goes to ______________ | working memory | 163 | |
| 9859918335 | working memory | make a connection and process information to mean something, (central executive, visiospatial sketchpad, phonological loop, episodic buffer) | 164 | |
| 9859918336 | working memory goes to _________________ | long-term memory | 165 | |
| 9859918337 | How much is stored in long-term memory? | LIMITLESS | 166 | |
| 9859918338 | implicit memory | naturally do | 167 | |
| 9859918339 | explicit memory | need to explain | 168 | |
| 9859918340 | automatic processing | space, time, frequency, well-learned information | 169 | |
| 9859918341 | effortful processing | processing that requires attention and effort | 170 | |
| 9859918342 | spacing effect | spread out learning over time is stored and retrieved best | 171 | |
| 9859918343 | serial position effect | primary/recency effect; information is remembered in the order in which it is presented | 172 | |
| 9859918344 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 173 | |
| 9859918345 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 174 | |
| 9859918347 | semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to | make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you | 175 | |
| 9859918348 | if we can't remember a memory... | 1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story | 176 | |
| 9859918349 | misinformation effect | not correct information | 177 | |
| 9859918352 | priming | association (setting you up) | 178 | |
| 9859918353 | context | environment helps with memory | 179 | |
| 9859918354 | state-dependency | you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high) | 180 | |
| 9859918355 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 181 | |
| 9859918356 | Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve | we forget a lot of information very quickly, but what is retained is permanently in long term memory | 182 | |
| 9859918358 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 183 | |
| 9859918359 | retroactive interference | new information interferes with the old | 184 | |
| 9859918361 | Loftus | developed theory of misinformation effect | 185 | |
| 9859918363 | problem-solving strategies | trial + error algorithms heuristic (analogies, means-end analysis) insight - "AHA!" | 186 | |
| 9859918364 | barriers to problem-solving | functional fixedness, mental set | 187 | |
| 9859918365 | mental set | what has worked in the past | 188 | |
| 9859918366 | functional fixedness | only way to do this is with this | 189 | |
| 9859918367 | Chomsky (nature or nurture?) | "born with language" (nature) | 190 | |
| 9859918368 | Skinner (nature or nurture?) | language is learned (nurture) | 191 | |
| 9859918369 | grammar is _________ | universal | 192 | |
| 9859918370 | phonemes | smallest sound unit | 193 | |
| 9859918371 | morphemes | smallest meaning unit | 194 | |
| 9860403945 | decision-making strategies | representative and availability heuristics | 195 | |
| 9860432755 | Assimilation | Focus on similarities between new information and schematic knowledge (a zebra is a horse) | 196 | |
| 9860439660 | Accomodation | Focus on differences between new information and schematic knowledge, need to change schema (a giraffe is not a horse) | 197 | |
| 9860459002 | Piaget's "markers" of cognitive development | Sensori-motor - develop object permanence Preoperational - develop conservation Concrete operational - develop logical thinking Formal operational - develop abstract thinking | 198 | |
| 9860489889 | Maslow's hierarchy of needs | Physiological, Safety, Belonging, Esteem, Self-actualization | 199 |
