Terms : Hide Images
| 9740489594 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 9740489595 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
| 9740489596 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 2 | |
| 9740489597 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 3 | |
| 9740489598 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
| 9740489599 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
| 9740489600 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
| 9740489601 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
| 9740489602 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
| 9740489603 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
| 9740489605 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 10 | |
| 9740489607 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 11 | |
| 9740489608 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 12 | |
| 9740489609 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 13 | |
| 9740489610 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 14 | |
| 9740489611 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 15 | |
| 9740489612 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 16 | |
| 9740489613 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 17 | |
| 9740489614 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 18 | |
| 9740489615 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 19 | |
| 9740489616 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 20 | |
| 9740489617 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 21 | |
| 9740489618 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 22 | |
| 9740489619 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 23 | |
| 9740489620 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 24 | |
| 9740489621 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 25 | |
| 9740489622 | theory | general idea being tested | 26 | |
| 9740489623 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 27 | |
| 9740489624 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 28 | |
| 9740489630 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 29 | |
| 9740489631 | bell curve | (natural curve) |  | 30 |
| 9740489632 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 31 | |
| 9740489633 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 32 | |
| 9740489634 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 33 | |
| 9740489635 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 34 | |
| 9740489636 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 35 | |
| 9740489637 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 36 | |
| 9740489828 | neuron |  | 37 | |
| 9740489638 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 38 | |
| 9740489639 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 39 | |
| 9740489640 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 40 | |
| 9740489641 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 41 | |
| 9740489644 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 42 | |
| 9740489645 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 43 | |
| 9740489646 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 44 | |
| 9740489647 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 45 | |
| 9740489648 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing | 46 | |
| 9740489649 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming | 47 | |
| 9740489650 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used | 48 | |
| 9740489651 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 49 | |
| 9740489652 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 50 | |
| 9740489653 | master gland | pituitary gland | 51 | |
| 9740489654 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 52 | |
| 9740489655 | reticular formation (if stimulated) | sleeping subject wakes up | 53 | |
| 9740489656 | reticular formation (if damaged) | coma | 54 | |
| 9740489657 | brainstem (if severed) | still move (without purpose) | 55 | |
| 9740489658 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 56 | |
| 9740489659 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 57 | |
| 9740489660 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 58 | |
| 9740489661 | cerebellum (if damaged) | difficulty walking and coordinating | 59 | |
| 9740489662 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 60 | |
| 9740489663 | amygdala (if lesioned) | subject is mellow | 61 | |
| 9740489664 | amygdala (if stimulated) | aggressive | 62 | |
| 9740489665 | hippocampus | process new memory | 63 | |
| 9740489666 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 64 | |
| 9740489667 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 65 | |
| 9740489668 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 66 | |
| 9740489669 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 67 | |
| 9740489670 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 68 | |
| 9740489671 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 69 | |
| 9740489672 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 70 | |
| 9740489673 | occipital lobe | vision | 71 | |
| 9740489674 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 72 | |
| 9740489675 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 73 | |
| 9740489676 | Broca's area | speaking words | 74 | |
| 9740489677 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 75 | |
| 9740489678 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 76 | |
| 9740489680 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 77 | |
| 9740489682 | inattentional blindness | fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere | 78 | |
| 9740489683 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 79 | |
| 9740489685 | choice blindness | when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed | 80 | |
| 9740489686 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 81 | |
| 9740489687 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying) | 82 | |
| 9740489688 | JND (just noticeable difference) | (Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion | 83 | |
| 9740489689 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 84 | |
| 9740489690 | rods | night time | 85 | |
| 9740489691 | cones | color | 86 | |
| 9740489692 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 87 | |
| 9740489693 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 88 | |
| 9740489694 | Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 89 | |
| 9740489696 | frequency we hear most | human voice | 90 | |
| 9740489697 | Helmoltz (hearing) | we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches) | 91 | |
| 9740489698 | frequency theory | impulse frequency (low pitches) | 92 | |
| 9740489699 | Helmholtz + frequency theory | middle pitches | 93 | |
| 9740489700 | Skin feels what? | warmth, cold, pressure, pain | 94 | |
| 9740489701 | gate-control theory | small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses | 95 | |
| 9740489703 | smell | close to memory section (not in thalamus) | 96 | |
| 9740489704 | grouping | Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole | 97 | |
| 9740489705 | grouping groups | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 98 | |
| 9740489706 | make assumptions of placement | higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front | 99 | |
| 9740489707 | perception = | mood + motivation | 100 | |
| 9740489708 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 101 | |
| 9740489709 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 102 | |
| 9740489710 | circadian rhythm pattern | - activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin | 103 | |
| 9740489711 | What messes with circadian rhythm? | artificial light | 104 | |
| 9740489712 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | 90 minutes | 105 | |
| 9740489713 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 106 | |
| 9740489714 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 107 | |
| 9740489715 | insomnia | can't sleep | 108 | |
| 9740489716 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 109 | |
| 9740489717 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 110 | |
| 9740489718 | night terrors | prevalent in children | 111 | |
| 9740489719 | sleepwalking/sleeptalking | hereditary - prevalent in children | 112 | |
| 9740489720 | dreaming (3) | 1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries | 113 | |
| 9740489721 | purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES) | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 114 | |
| 9740489723 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 115 | |
| 9740489724 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 116 | |
| 9740489725 | barbituates (tranquilizers) | ((depressant)) reduce anxiety | 117 | |
| 9740489726 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 118 | |
| 9740489727 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 119 | |
| 9740489728 | methamphetamine | ((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine | 120 | |
| 9740489729 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 121 | |
| 9740489730 | nicotine | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 122 | |
| 9740489731 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 123 | |
| 9740489732 | hallucinogen | excites neural activity | 124 | |
| 9740489733 | ecstasy | ((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin | 125 | |
| 9740489734 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin | 126 | |
| 9740489735 | marijuana | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 127 | |
| 9740489736 | learning | organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events) | 128 | |
| 9740489737 | types of learning | classical operant observational | 129 | |
| 9740489738 | famous classical psychologists | Pavlov and Watson | 130 | |
| 9740489739 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 131 | |
| 9740489740 | famous observational psychologists | Bandura | 132 | |
| 9740489741 | classical conditioning | outside stimulus | 133 | |
| 9740489742 | Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 134 | |
| 9740489743 | Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 135 | |
| 9740489744 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 136 | |
| 9740489745 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 137 | |
| 9740489746 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 138 | |
| 9740489747 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 139 | |
| 9740489748 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 140 | |
| 9740489749 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 141 | |
| 9740489750 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 142 | |
| 9740489751 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 143 | |
| 9740489752 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 144 | |
| 9740489753 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card) | 145 | |
| 9740489754 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery) | 146 | |
| 9740489755 | organism must do these (2 times) | fixed ratio and variable ratio | 147 | |
| 9740489756 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 148 | |
| 9740489757 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 149 | |
| 9740489758 | these things happen regardless (2 times) | fixed interval and variable interval | 150 | |
| 9740489759 | Which (fixed/variable) conditions better? | variable | 151 | |
| 9740489760 | criticisms of Skinner | doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation | 152 | |
| 9740489761 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 153 | |
| 9740489762 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 154 | |
| 9740489763 | Skinner's legacy | use it personally, at school, and at work | 155 | |
| 9740489764 | famous observational experiment | Bandura's Bobo doll | 156 | |
| 9740489766 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 157 | |
| 9740489767 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil | 158 | |
| 9740489768 | observational learning | biological behaviors work best | 159 | |
| 9740489769 | habituation | get used to it -> stop reacting | 160 | |
| 9740489770 | examples for observational learning | lectures and reading | 161 | |
| 9740489771 | serotonin involved with memory | speeds the connection between neurons | 162 | |
| 9740489772 | LTP | ((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed) | 163 | |
| 9740489773 | CREB | protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories | 164 | |
| 9740489774 | glutamate involved with memory | neurotransmitter that enhances LTP | 165 | |
| 9740489775 | glucose involved with memory | released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered)) | 166 | |
| 9740489776 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 167 | |
| 9740489777 | amygdala (memory) | boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight | 168 | |
| 9740489778 | cerebellum (memory) | forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning)) | 169 | |
| 9740489779 | hippocampus (memory) | active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours)) | 170 | |
| 9740489780 | memory | learning over time contains information that can be retrieved | 171 | |
| 9740489781 | processing stages | encoding -> storage -> retrieval | 172 | |
| 9740489782 | encoding | information going in | 173 | |
| 9740489783 | storage | keeping information in | 174 | |
| 9740489784 | retrieval | taking information out | 175 | |
| 9740489785 | How long is sensory memory stored? | seconds | 176 | |
| 9740489786 | How long is short-term memory stored? | less than a minute | 177 | |
| 9740489787 | How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory? | 7 | 178 | |
| 9740489788 | How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory? | 4 | 179 | |
| 9740489789 | How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory? | 2 | 180 | |
| 9740489790 | short term memory goes to ______________ | working memory | 181 | |
| 9740489791 | working memory | make a connection and process information to mean something | 182 | |
| 9740489792 | working memory goes to _________________ | long-term memory | 183 | |
| 9740489793 | How much is stored in long-term memory? | LIMITLESS | 184 | |
| 9740489794 | implicit memory | naturally do | 185 | |
| 9740489795 | explicit memory | need to explain | 186 | |
| 9740489796 | automatic processing | space, time, frequency, well-learned information | 187 | |
| 9740489797 | effortful processing | processing that requires effort | 188 | |
| 9740489798 | spacing effect | spread out learning over time | 189 | |
| 9740489799 | serial position effect | primary/recency effect | 190 | |
| 9740489800 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 191 | |
| 9740489801 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 192 | |
| 9740489802 | effortful processing (4 things) | 1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect | 193 | |
| 9740489803 | semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to | make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you | 194 | |
| 9740489804 | if we can't remember a memory... | 1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story | 195 | |
| 9740489805 | misinformation effect | not correct information | 196 | |
| 9740489806 | imagination inflation | imagine or visualize something that isn't real | 197 | |
| 9740489807 | source amnesia | what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?) | 198 | |
| 9740489808 | priming | association (setting you up) | 199 | |
| 9740489809 | context | environment helps with memory | 200 | |
| 9740489810 | state-dependency | you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high) | 201 | |
| 9740489811 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 202 | |
| 9740489812 | forgetting curve | forget after 5 days forget after 5 years | 203 | |
| 9740489813 | the forgetting curve was created by | Ebbinghaus | 204 | |
| 9740489814 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 205 | |
| 9740489815 | retroactive interference | new information interferes with the old | 206 | |
| 9740489816 | children can't remember before age __ | 3 | 207 | |
| 9740489817 | Loftus | connected to abuse cases/childhood | 208 | |
| 9740489818 | prototypes | generalize | 209 | |
| 9740489819 | problem-solving (4) | trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!" | 210 | |
| 9740489820 | against problem-solving | fixation | 211 | |
| 9740489821 | mental set | what has worked in the past | 212 | |
| 9740489823 | Chomsky (nature or nurture?) | "born with language" (nature) | 213 | |
| 9740489824 | Skinner (nature or nurture?) | language is learned (nurture) | 214 | |
| 9740489825 | grammar is _________ | universal | 215 | |
| 9740489826 | phonemes | smallest sound unit | 216 | |
| 9740489827 | morphemes | smallest meaning unit | 217 |
