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| 8967701089 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 8967701090 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
| 8967701091 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 2 | |
| 8967701092 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 3 | |
| 8967701093 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
| 8967701094 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
| 8967701095 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
| 8967701096 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
| 8967701097 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
| 8967701098 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
| 8967701099 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 10 | |
| 8967701100 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 11 | |
| 8967701101 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 12 | |
| 8967701102 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 13 | |
| 8967701103 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 14 | |
| 8967701104 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 15 | |
| 8967701105 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 16 | |
| 8967701106 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 17 | |
| 8967701107 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 18 | |
| 8967701108 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 19 | |
| 8967701109 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 20 | |
| 8967701110 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 21 | |
| 8967701111 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 22 | |
| 8967701112 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 23 | |
| 8967701113 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 24 | |
| 8967701114 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 25 | |
| 8967701115 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 26 | |
| 8967701116 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 27 | |
| 8967701117 | theory | general idea being tested | 28 | |
| 8967701118 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 29 | |
| 8967701119 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 30 | |
| 8967701120 | mode | appears the most | 31 | |
| 8967701121 | mean | average | 32 | |
| 8967701122 | median | middle | 33 | |
| 8967701123 | range | highest - lowest | 34 | |
| 8967701124 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 35 | |
| 8967701125 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 36 | |
| 8967701126 | bell curve | (natural curve) |  | 37 |
| 8967701127 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 38 | |
| 8967701128 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 39 | |
| 8967701129 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 40 | |
| 8967701130 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 41 | |
| 8967701131 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 42 | |
| 8967701132 | neuron |  | 43 | |
| 8967701133 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 44 | |
| 8967701134 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 45 | |
| 8967701135 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 46 | |
| 8967701136 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 47 | |
| 8967701137 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 48 | |
| 8967701140 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 49 | |
| 8967701141 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 50 | |
| 8967701142 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 51 | |
| 8967701143 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 52 | |
| 8967701144 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing | 53 | |
| 8967701145 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming | 54 | |
| 8967701146 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used | 55 | |
| 8967701147 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 56 | |
| 8967701148 | endocrine system | Uses hormones in the blood system | 57 | |
| 8967701149 | master gland | pituitary gland | 58 | |
| 8967701150 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 59 | |
| 8967701154 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 60 | |
| 8967701155 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 61 | |
| 8967701156 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 62 | |
| 8967701158 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 63 | |
| 8967701161 | hippocampus | process new memory | 64 | |
| 8967701162 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 65 | |
| 8967701163 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 66 | |
| 8967701164 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 67 | |
| 8967701166 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 68 | |
| 8967701167 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 69 | |
| 8967701168 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 70 | |
| 8967701169 | occipital lobe | vision | 71 | |
| 8967701170 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 72 | |
| 8967701171 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 73 | |
| 8967701172 | Broca's area | speaking words | 74 | |
| 8967701173 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 75 | |
| 8967701175 | bottom-up processing | senses to brain | 76 | |
| 8967701176 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 77 | |
| 8967701177 | top-down processing | brain to senses | 78 | |
| 8967701178 | inattentional blindness | fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere | 79 | |
| 8967701179 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 80 | |
| 8967701180 | change blindness | giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice | 81 | |
| 8967701181 | choice blindness | when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed | 82 | |
| 8967701182 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 83 | |
| 8967701183 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying) | 84 | |
| 8967701185 | sensory adaptation | No longer notice something | 85 | |
| 8967701186 | rods | night time | 86 | |
| 8967701187 | cones | color | 87 | |
| 8967701188 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 88 | |
| 8967701199 | smell | close to memory section (not in thalamus) | 89 | |
| 8967701200 | grouping | Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole | 90 | |
| 8967701201 | grouping groups | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 91 | |
| 8967701203 | perception is your what? | mood + motivation | 92 | |
| 8967701204 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 93 | |
| 8967701205 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 94 | |
| 8967701208 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | 90 minutes | 95 | |
| 8967701209 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 96 | |
| 8967701210 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth/repair | 97 | |
| 8967701211 | insomnia | can't sleep | 98 | |
| 8967701212 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 99 | |
| 8967701213 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 100 | |
| 8967701214 | night terrors | wake up screaming and have no idea why | 101 | |
| 8967701217 | purpose of dreaming | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 102 | |
| 8967701219 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 103 | |
| 8967701220 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 104 | |
| 8967701221 | barbituates (tranquilizers) | ((depressant)) reduce anxiety | 105 | |
| 8967701222 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 106 | |
| 8967701223 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 107 | |
| 8967701224 | methamphetamine | ((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine | 108 | |
| 8967701225 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 109 | |
| 8967701226 | nicotine | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 110 | |
| 8967701227 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 111 | |
| 8967701228 | hallucinogen | excites neural activity | 112 | |
| 8967701229 | ecstasy | ((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin | 113 | |
| 8967701230 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin | 114 | |
| 8967701231 | marijuana | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 115 | |
| 8967701232 | learning | organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events) | 116 | |
| 8967701233 | types of learning | classical operant observational | 117 | |
| 8967701234 | famous classical psychologists | Pavlov and Watson | 118 | |
| 8967701235 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 119 | |
| 8967701236 | famous observational psychologists | Bandura | 120 | |
| 8967701237 | classical conditioning | outside stimulus | 121 | |
| 8967701238 | Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 122 | |
| 8967701239 | Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 123 | |
| 8967701240 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 124 | |
| 8967701241 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 125 | |
| 8967701242 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 126 | |
| 8967701243 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 127 | |
| 8967701244 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 128 | |
| 8967701245 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 129 | |
| 8967701246 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 130 | |
| 8967701247 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 131 | |
| 8967701248 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 132 | |
| 8967701249 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Punch card) | 133 | |
| 8967701250 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lot) | 134 | |
| 8967701251 | organism must do these (2 times) | fixed ratio and variable ratio | 135 | |
| 8967701252 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 136 | |
| 8967701253 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 137 | |
| 8967701254 | these things happen regardless (2 times) | fixed interval and variable interval | 138 | |
| 8967701255 | Which (fixed/variable) conditions better? | variable | 139 | |
| 8967701257 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 140 | |
| 8967701258 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 141 | |
| 8967701260 | famous observational experiment | Bandura's Bobo doll | 142 | |
| 8967701262 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 143 | |
| 8967701263 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | see good: do good see evil: do evil | 144 | |
| 8967701264 | observational learning | biological behaviors work best | 145 | |
| 8967701265 | habituation | get used to it -> stop reacting | 146 | |
| 8967701266 | examples for observational learning | lectures and reading | 147 | |
| 8967701272 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 148 | |
| 8967701273 | amygdala (memory) | boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight | 149 | |
| 8967701274 | cerebellum (memory) | forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning)) | 150 | |
| 8967701275 | hippocampus (memory) | active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours)) | 151 | |
| 8967701276 | memory | learning over time contains information that can be retrieved | 152 | |
| 8967701277 | processing stages | encoding -> storage -> retrieval | 153 | |
| 8967701278 | encoding | information going in | 154 | |
| 8967701279 | storage | keeping information in | 155 | |
| 8967701280 | retrieval | taking information out | 156 | |
| 8967701281 | How long is sensory memory stored? | seconds | 157 | |
| 8967701282 | How long is short-term memory stored? | less than a minute | 158 | |
| 8967701284 | How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory? | 7 | 159 | |
| 8967701286 | short term memory goes to ______________ | working memory | 160 | |
| 8967701287 | working memory | make a connection and process information to mean something | 161 | |
| 8967701288 | working memory goes to _________________ | long-term memory | 162 | |
| 8967701289 | How much is stored in long-term memory? | LIMITLESS | 163 | |
| 8967701290 | implicit memory | naturally do | 164 | |
| 8967701291 | explicit memory | need to explain | 165 | |
| 8967701292 | automatic processing | space, time, frequency, well-learned information | 166 | |
| 8967701293 | effortful processing | processing that requires effort | 167 | |
| 8967701294 | spacing effect | spread out learning over time | 168 | |
| 8967701295 | serial position effect | primary/recency effect | 169 | |
| 8967701296 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 170 | |
| 8967701297 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 171 | |
| 8967701299 | semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to | make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you | 172 | |
| 8967701300 | if we can't remember a memory... | change memory to suit us/fill in the blanks with logical story | 173 | |
| 8967701301 | misinformation effect | not correct information | 174 | |
| 8967701302 | imagination inflation | imagine or visualize something that isn't real | 175 | |
| 8967701304 | priming | setting you up | 176 | |
| 8967701305 | context | environment helps with memory | 177 | |
| 8967701306 | state-dependency | you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high) | 178 | |
| 8967701307 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 179 | |
| 8967701308 | forgetting curve | forget after 5 days forget after 5 years | 180 | |
| 8967701310 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 181 | |
| 8967701311 | retroactive interference | new information interferes with the old | 182 | |
| 8967701317 | mental set | what has worked in the past | 183 | |
| 8967701318 | functional fixedness | only way to do this is with this | 184 | |
| 8967701319 | Chomsky (nature or nurture?) | "born with language" (nature) | 185 | |
| 8967701320 | Skinner (nature or nurture?) | language is learned (nurture) | 186 |
