Terms : Hide Images
| 46777338 | cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. | |
| 46777339 | concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. | |
| 46777340 | prototype | a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin). | |
| 46777341 | algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics. | |
| 46777342 | heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. | |
| 46777343 | insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions. | |
| 46777344 | confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. | |
| 46777345 | fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set. | |
| 46777346 | mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. | |
| 46777347 | functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving. | |
| 46777348 | representativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information. | |
| 46777349 | availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common. | |
| 46777350 | overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. | |
| 46777351 | belief perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. | |
| 46777352 | intuition | an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. | |
| 46777353 | framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. | |
| 46777354 | language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. | |
| 46777355 | phoneme | in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. | |
| 46777356 | morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix). | |
| 46777357 | grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. | |
| 46777358 | semantics | the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning. | |
| 46777359 | syntax | the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language. | |
| 46777360 | babbling stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. | |
| 46777361 | one-word stage | the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. | |
| 46777362 | two-word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements. | |
| 46777363 | telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs. | |
| 46777364 | aphasia | impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding). | |
| 46777365 | Broca's area | controls language expression—an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. | |
| 46777366 | Wernicke's area | controls language reception—a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. | |
| 46777367 | linguistic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. |
