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AP PSYCHOLOGY: COGNITION AND LANGUAGE Flashcards

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6034080262COGNITIONthe process of thinking, knowing, or mentally processing information0
6034080263LANGUAGEwords or symbols, and rules for combining them, used for thinking and communication1
6034081012PHONEMESthe smallest units of sound used in a language2
6034081013MORPHEMESsmallest unit of meaningful sound such as simple words, prefixes, and suffixes3
6034081453SURFACE STRUCTUREthe particular words and phrases used to make up a sentence4
6034081454DEEP STRUCTUREthe underlying meaning of a sentence5
6034082772GRAMMARA set of rules for combining language units into meaningful speech or writing6
6034082773SEMANTICSthe criteria for assigning meaning to the morphemes in a language7
6034083075SYNTAXrules for ordering words when forming sentences8
6034081664IMAGEmental pictures we create in our minds of the outside world9
6034083076CONCEPTa generalized idea representing a class of related objects or events10
6034084289PROTOTYPEwhat we think is the most typical example of a particular concept11
6034085660IDEALIZED COGNITIVE MODEL (ICM)our conception of events as we expect to to typically find them12
6034085878PROBLEM REPRESENTATIONthe first step in solving a problem; involves interpreting or defining the problem13
6034085879TRIAL AND ERRORa problem solving strategy based on the successive elimination of incorrect solutions until the correct one is found14
6034086511INFORMATION RETRIEVALrecovering information fronz storage in memory15
6034086512ALGORITHMrule that guarantees the right solutionby using a formula or other foolproof method16
6034086919HEURISTICSa "rule of thumb"; a generally but not always true that can be used to make a judgment in a situation17
6034086920HILL CLIMBINGa heuristic problem solving strategy in which each step moves you progressively closer to the final goal18
6034087502SUBGOALSintermediate, more manageable goals used in one heuristic strategy to make it easier to reach the final goal19
6034089354MEANS-END ANALYSIScombines aspects of both forward and backward reasoning in that both the condition and action portions of rules are looked at when considering which rule to apply20
6034090267WORKING BCKWARDSa heuristic strategy in which one works backwards from the desired goal to the given conditions21
6034090268SETa predisposition to respond in a certain way22
6034091352FUNCTIONAL FIXEDNESSthe inability to see a new use for an object23
6034114854TACTIC OF ELIMINATIONa problem solving strategy in which possible solutions are evaluated according to appropriate criteria and discarded as they fail to contribute to a solution24
6034114855VISUALIZINGa problem solving strategy in which principles or concepts are drawn, diagrammed, or charted so that they can be better understood25

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