Terms : Hide Images
| 8156263550 | memory | any system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information | 0 | |
| 8156263551 | information-processing model | cognitive understanding of memory emphasizing how information is changed | 1 | |
| 8156263552 | encoding | one of the three basic tasks of memory; involves modification of information | 2 | |
| 8156263553 | storage | one of the three basic tasks of memory; involves retention of encoded material over time | 3 | |
| 8156263554 | retrieval | one of the three basic tasks of memory; involves location and recovery of information | 4 | |
| 8156263555 | eidetic imagery | especially clear form of memory; "photographic memory" | 5 | |
| 8156263556 | sensory memory | preserves brief sensory impressions of stimuli | 6 | |
| 8156263557 | short-term memory (STM) | preserves recently perceived events for less than a minute | 7 | |
| 8156263558 | long-term memory (LTM) | largest memory capacity and duration; stores material organized by meaning | 8 | |
| 8156263559 | chunking | organizing pieces of information into smaller, more meaningful units | 9 | |
| 8156263560 | maintenance rehearsal | information is repeated or reviewed to keep from fading in working memory | 10 | |
| 8156263561 | elaborative rehearsal | information is actively reviewed and related to information already in LTM | 11 | |
| 8156263562 | acoustic encoding | conversion of information to sound patterns | 12 | |
| 8156263563 | levels-of-processing theory | information that is more thoroughly connected to meaningful items in long-term memory will be remembered better | 13 | |
| 8156263564 | procedural memory | stores memories for how things are done | 14 | |
| 8156263565 | declarative memory | stores facts | 15 | |
| 8156263566 | episodic memory | stores memory for personal events | 16 | |
| 8156263567 | semantic memory | stores general knowledge, including meanings of words | 17 | |
| 8156263568 | anterograde amnesia | inability to for memories for new information | 18 | |
| 8156263569 | consolidation | process by which short-term memories are changed to long-term memories | 19 | |
| 8156263570 | retrograde amnesia | inability to remember information previously stored in memory | 20 | |
| 8156263571 | flashbulb memory | clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful event | 21 | |
| 8156263572 | implicit memory | memory that was not deliberately learned | 22 | |
| 8156263573 | explicit memory | memory that has been processed with attention and can be consciously recalled | 23 | |
| 8156263574 | retrieval cues | stimuli that are used to bring a memory to consciousness | 24 | |
| 8156263575 | priming | technique for curing implicit memories tha provides cues to stimulate a memory without awareness of the connection | 25 | |
| 8156263576 | recall | retrieval method in which one must reproduce previously presented information | 26 | |
| 8156263577 | recognition | retrieval method in one must identify present stimuli as being previously presented | 27 | |
| 8156263578 | mood-congruent memory | memory process that selectively retrieves memories that match one's mood | 28 | |
| 8156263579 | forgetting curve | graph plotting amount of retention and forgetting over time for a certain batch of material | 29 | |
| 8156263580 | proactive interference | cause of forgetting in which previously stored information prevents learning and remembering new information | 30 | |
| 8156263581 | retroactive interference | cause of forgetting by which newly learned information prevents retrieval of previously stored material | 31 | |
| 8156263582 | suggestibility | memory distortion as the result of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion | 32 | |
| 8156263583 | misinformation effect | distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformaiton | 33 | |
| 8156263584 | expectancy bias | a tendency to distort recalled events to make them fit one's expectations | 34 | |
| 8156263585 | self-consistency bias | commonly held idea that we are more consistent in our beliefs and ideas than we actually are | 35 | |
| 8156263586 | persistence | memory problem in which unwanted memories cannot be put out of mind | 36 | |
| 8156263587 | mnemonics | techniques for improving memory by making connections between new material and information already in LTM | 37 | |
| 8156263589 | language acquisition device (LAD) | biologically organized mental structure that facilitates learning of language because (according to Chomsky) it is innately programmed with grammatical rules | 38 | |
| 8156263590 | grammar | rules of a language, specifying how to use stuff to make other stuff make sense | 39 | |
| 8156263591 | morphemes | meaningful units of language that make up words | 40 | |
| 8156263592 | overregularization | applying a grammatical rule too widely and creating incorrect forms | 41 | |
| 8156263593 | concepts | mental representations of categories of items or ideas based on experience | 42 | |
| 8156263594 | prototype | ideal or most representative example of a conceptual category | 43 | |
| 8156263595 | concept hierarchies | levels of concepts in which a more general level includes more specific concepts | 44 | |
| 8156263596 | schema | knowledge luster or general conceptual framework that provides expectations about topics, events, objects, people, etc. | 45 | |
| 8156263597 | algorithms | problem-solving procedures or formulas | 46 | |
| 8156263598 | heuristics | cognitive strategies or "rules of thumb" used as shortcuts to solve complex mental tasks | 47 | |
| 8156263599 | mental set | tendency to respond to a new problem in the strategy used for a previous problem | 48 | |
| 8156263600 | functional fixedness | inability to perceive a new use for an object associated with a different purpose | 49 | |
| 8156263601 | hindsight bias | tendency, after learning about an event, to "second guess" that one could have predicted the events | 50 | |
| 8156263602 | anchoring bias | faulty heuristic caused by basing an estimate on an unrelated quantity | 51 | |
| 8156263603 | representativeness bias | faulty heuristic based on the presumption that once people or events are categorized, they share all the features of other members in that category | 52 | |
| 8156263604 | availability bias | faulty heuristic that estimates probabilities on information that can be recalled | 53 | |
| 8156263605 | distributed learning | technique where learner spaces learning sessions over time | 54 | |
| 8156263606 | overlearning | startegy when the learner continues to study and rehearse the material after it has been brought to mastery | 55 | |
| 8156263607 | working memory | combines STM and LTM | 56 | |
| 8156263608 | Insight | a sudden realization of a solution | 57 | |
| 8156263609 | confirmation bias | only paying attention to things that confirm your belief | 58 | |
| 8156263610 | phonemes | the smallest individual sounds in a language | 59 | |
| 8156263611 | automatic processing | encoding of information with little to no effort | 60 | |
| 8156263612 | effortful processing | encoding of information in which a lot of work is needed | 61 | |
| 8156263613 | deep processing | encoding of information with a large amount of understanding | 62 | |
| 8156263614 | shallow processing | encoding of information that does not included a much understanding | 63 | |
| 8156263615 | iconic memory | momentary visual processing | 64 | |
| 8156263616 | echoic memory | momentary auditory processing | 65 | |
| 8156263617 | state-dependent memory | retrieval of information when a person is in the same state of consciousness | 66 | |
| 8156263618 | rehearsal | the repetition of information | 67 | |
| 8156263619 | serial position effect | retrieving information most effectively from the beginning and the end | 68 | |
| 8156263620 | constructed memory | memories that are distorted | 69 | |
| 8156263621 | source amnesia | the inability to retrieve where information was learned from | 70 |
