Advanced Placement Psychology
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| 13880464695 | Attribution Theory | The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation (external) or the person's disposition (internal). |  | 0 |
| 13880464696 | Fundamental Attribution Error | The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. |  | 1 |
| 13880464697 | Attitude | Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events. (ABC) |  | 2 |
| 13880464698 | Central Route Persuasion | Attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments, facts and respond with favorable thoughts. |  | 3 |
| 13880464699 | Peripheral Route Persuasion | Attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, emotional responses such as a speaker's attractiveness. |  | 4 |
| 13880464700 | Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon | The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. |  | 5 |
| 13880464701 | Role | A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. |  | 6 |
| 13880464702 | Cognitive Dissonance Theory | The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognition) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting discomfort by changing our attitudes. |  | 7 |
| 13880464703 | Conformity | Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. |  | 8 |
| 13880464704 | Normative Social Influence | Influence (conforming) resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. |  | 9 |
| 13880464705 | Informational Social Influence | Influence (conforming) resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. |  | 10 |
| 13880464706 | Social Facilitation | Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. |  | 11 |
| 13880464707 | Social Loafing | The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. |  | 12 |
| 13880464708 | Deindividuation | The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. (Mob Mentality) |  | 13 |
| 13880464709 | Group Polarization | The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. (Extremes) |  | 14 |
| 13880464710 | Groupthink | The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. |  | 15 |
| 13880464711 | Culture | The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. |  | 16 |
| 13880464712 | Norm | An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. They prescribe "proper" behavior. |  | 17 |
| 13880464713 | Personal Space | The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies. |  | 18 |
| 13880464714 | Prejudice | An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. |  | 19 |
| 13880464715 | Stereotype | A generalized (sometimes accurate, but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. |  | 20 |
| 13880464716 | Discrimination | (Social) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members. |  | 21 |
| 13880464717 | Ingroup | "Us"—people with whom we share a common identity. |  | 22 |
| 13880464718 | Outgroup | "Them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup. |  | 23 |
| 13880464719 | Ingroup Bias | The tendency to favor our own group. |  | 24 |
| 13880464720 | Scapegoat Theory | The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. |  | 25 |
| 13880464721 | Other-Race Effect | The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias |  | 26 |
| 13880464722 | Just-World Phenomenon | The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. (Blame the Victim) |  | 27 |
| 13880464723 | Aggression | Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. |  | 28 |
| 13880464724 | Frustration-Aggression Principle | The principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression. |  | 29 |
| 13880464725 | Mere Exposure Effect | The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. |  | 30 |
| 13880464726 | Passionate Love | An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. |  | 31 |
| 13880464727 | Companionate Love | The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. |  | 32 |
| 13880464728 | Equity | A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it. |  | 33 |
| 13880464729 | Self-Disclosure | Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others. |  | 34 |
| 13880464730 | Altruism | Unselfish regard for the welfare of others. |  | 35 |
| 13880464731 | Bystander Effect | The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. |  | 36 |
| 13880464732 | Social Exchange Theory | The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. |  | 37 |
| 13880464733 | Reciprocity Norm | An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. |  | 38 |
| 13880464734 | Social-Responsibility Norm | An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them. |  | 39 |
| 13880464735 | Conflict | A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas. |  | 40 |
| 13880464736 | Social Trap | A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. |  | 41 |
| 13880464737 | Mirror-Image Perceptions | Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. |  | 42 |
| 13880464738 | Self Fulfilling Prophecy | A belief that leads to its own fulfillment. |  | 43 |
| 13880464739 | Superordinate Goals | Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. |  | 44 |
| 13880464740 | Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction (GRIT) | Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions. |  | 45 |
| 13880464777 | Diffusion of Responsibility | Reduction in feelings of personal burden in the presence of others. |  | 46 |
| 13880464778 | Ethnocentricism | Evaluation of other cultures according to the standards and customs of one's own culture. |  | 47 |
| 13880464779 | Compliance | Conforming to a request or demand. |  | 48 |
| 13880464780 | Pygmalion in the Classroom | Experiment by Rosenthal and Jacobsen that measured the impact(s) of expectation on student performances; supporting the theory of a self-fulfilling prophecy. |  | 49 |
| 13880464781 | Temporal Comparison | when we compare our performance to our own past performance(s). | 50 | |
| 13880464782 | Social Comparison | when we compare our performance to the performance(s) of others. |  | 51 |
| 13880464783 | Reference Groups | Groups we are similar to with who we compare ourselves to. | 52 | |
| 13880464784 | Relative Deprivation | The tendency when we compare ourselves to others to feel worse off then them. |  | 53 |
| 13880464785 | False Consensus Effect | overestimating the number of people who share our belief or action. |  | 54 |
| 13880464786 | Leon Festinger | Measured cognitive dissonance by paying participants to $1 or $20 to lie about the enjoyment of a dull task. Participants paid $1 more likely to change their beliefs about the task. |  | 55 |
| 13880464787 | Dispositional (Internal) Attribution Theory | Explaining behaviors based on a person's characteristics; traits, maturity, etc. | 56 | |
| 13880464788 | Situational (External) Attribution Theory | Explaining behaviors based on outside factors influencing and individual. | 57 | |
| 13880464789 | Phillip Zimbardo | Examined the impact of social roles and authority on behavior with his famous Stanford Prison experiment. |  | 58 |
| 13880464790 | Solomon Asch | Examined the impact of conformity with his famous Line Perception experiment. |  | 59 |
| 13880464791 | Obedience | A change in behavior following a demand from an authority figure. |  | 60 |
| 13880464792 | Stanley Milgram | Examined the impact of obedience to authority with his controversial Shock experiment. |  | 61 |
| 13880464793 | Prisoner's Dilemma | Social trap where 2 prisoners are separated and have to consider the impacts of cooperating with their partner or competing to get the first confession. |  | 62 |
| 13880464794 | Commons Dilemma | Social trap where people must consider how much they take or use of a scarce resource. |  | 63 |
| 13880464795 | Public Goods Dilemma | Social trap where people must consider how much to give/contribute to a shared resource. |  | 64 |
| 13880464796 | Consummate Love | Sternberg believes this is the ultimate form of love that has all 3: Passion, Intimacy & Commitment (Companionate). |  | 65 |
| 13880464797 | Robert Sternberg | Theorized the Triangle Theory of Love when describing social relationships. PIC: Passion, Intimacy & Commitment (Companionate). |  | 66 |
| 13880464798 | Matching Hypothesis | Idea that individuals pair up into relationships with people who are similar to their level of physical attraction. |  | 67 |
| 13880464799 | Albert Bandura | Developed Social Learning Theory, where children learn through watching AND imitating actions. |  | 68 |
| 13880464741 | structuralism | an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind |  | 69 |
| 13880464742 | functionalism | a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish |  | 70 |
| 13880464743 | behaviorism | the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2) |  | 71 |
| 13880464744 | humanistic psychology | historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth |  | 72 |
| 13880464745 | psychology | the science of behavior and mental processes |  | 73 |
| 13880464746 | nature vs. nurture | the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture |  | 74 |
| 13880464747 | natural selection | the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival with most likely be passed on to succeeding generations |  | 75 |
| 13880464748 | biopsychosocial approach | an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis |  | 76 |
| 13880464749 | biological psychology | a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes |  | 77 |
| 13880464750 | evolutionary psychology | the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection |  | 78 |
| 13880464751 | psychodynamic psychology | a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders |  | 79 |
| 13880464752 | behavioral psychology | the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning |  | 80 |
| 13880464753 | cognitive psychology | the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicatin |  | 81 |
| 13880464754 | social-cultural psychology | the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking | 82 | |
| 13880464755 | Mary Whiton Calkins | American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; first woman president of the American Psychological Association |  | 83 |
| 13880464756 | Charles Darwin | English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882) |  | 84 |
| 13880464757 | Dorothea Dix | A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War. |  | 85 |
| 13880464758 | Sigmund Freud | Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do). | 86 | |
| 13880464759 | G. Stanley Hall | american psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the United States and founded the American Psychological Association |  | 87 |
| 13880464760 | William James | founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment |  | 88 |
| 13880464761 | Abraham Maslow | humanistic psychology; hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence |  | 89 |
| 13880464762 | Ivan Pavlov | Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936) |  | 90 |
| 13880464763 | Jean Piaget | Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation |  | 91 |
| 13880464764 | Carl Rogers | 1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person |  | 92 |
| 13880464765 | B. F. Skinner | behaviorism; pioneer in operant conditioning; behavior is based on an organism's reinforcement history; worked with pigeons |  | 93 |
| 13880464766 | Socrates | Greek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth |  | 94 |
| 13880464767 | E. B. Tictchner | Introduced experimental psychology to the United States |  | 95 |
| 13880464768 | Margaret Floyd Washburn | Was the first female PhD in psychology |  | 96 |
| 13880464769 | John B. Watson | behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat |  | 97 |
| 13880464770 | Wilhelm Wundt | german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879 |  | 98 |
| 13880464771 | Introspection | a method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings |  | 99 |
| 13880464772 | Gestalt Psychology | a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts |  | 100 |
