Introduction, Ch. 1 and Ch. 8
Terms : Hide Images
| 230100649 | Ivan Pavlov | (1906) began to publish his classic studies of animal learning in Russia | 0 | |
| 230100650 | Clinical Psychology | a branch of psychology that studies, asseses and treats people with psychological disorders. | 1 | |
| 230100651 | Applied Research | scientific study that aims to solve practical problems. | 2 | |
| 230100652 | Basic Research | pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base. | 3 | |
| 230100653 | William James | (1890) published the widely used "Principles of Psychology" in the United States. | 4 | |
| 230100654 | G. Stanley Hall | (1883) a student of Wundt's, established what many consider the first American psychology laboratory at John Hopkins University. | 5 | |
| 230100655 | Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon | (1905) published the first intelligence test for use with Parisian schoolchildren. | 6 | |
| 230100656 | Edward L. Thorndike | (1898) conducted the first experiments on animal learning in the U.S. | 7 | |
| 230100657 | Hermann Ebbinghaus | (1885) reported the first experiments on memory in Germany. | 8 | |
| 230100658 | Wilhelm Wundt | (1879) established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany | 9 | |
| 230100659 | Mary Whiton-Calkins | (1905) created paired-associates technique for studying memory, became president of American Psychological Association | 10 | |
| 230100660 | John B. Watson | (1913) championed psychology as the science of behavior in the United States | 11 | |
| 230100661 | American Psychological Association | founded in 1892 | 12 | |
| 230100662 | Psychiatry | a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy. | 13 | |
| 230100663 | Introspection | self examination of one's emotional states & mental processes. | 14 | |
| 230100664 | The Five Perspectives of Psychology | 1. Neurobiological 2. Behavioral 3. Humanistic 4. Psychodynamic 5. Cognitive | 15 | |
| 230100665 | Neurobiological Perspective | chemical balance (physical & chemical changes). | 16 | |
| 230100666 | Humanistic Perspective | humans are free, rational beings with the potential for personal growth & self actualization | 17 | |
| 230100667 | Cognitive Perspective | mental thoughts & processes | 18 | |
| 230100668 | Behavioral Perspective | how a being behaves. Thoughts & feelings are irrelevant | 19 | |
| 230100669 | Psychodynamic Perspective | unconcious motives & thoughts. | 20 | |
| 230100670 | Statistical Significance | a statistical criterion for rejecting the assumption of no differences in a particular study | 21 | |
| 230100671 | False Consensus Effect | the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs & behaviors | 22 | |
| 230100672 | Placebo | Latin for, "I shall please" - an inert substance or condition that may be administered instead of a presumed active agent, such as a drug, to see if it triggers the effect believed to characterize the active agent | 23 | |
| 230100673 | Experiment | a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process | 24 | |
| 230100674 | Scatterplot | a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables | 25 | |
| 230100675 | Random Sample | a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion | 26 | |
| 230100676 | Survey | a technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them | 27 | |
| 230100677 | Replication | repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding generalizes to other participants & circumstances | 28 | |
| 230100678 | Theory | an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes & predicts observations | 29 | |
| 230100679 | Case Study | an observational technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal problems | 30 | |
| 230100680 | Operational Definition | a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables | 31 | |
| 230100681 | Critical Thinking | thinking that does not blindly accept arguments & conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence & assesses conclusions | 32 | |
| 230100682 | Illusory Correlation | the perception of a relationship where none actually exists | 33 | |
| 230100683 | Standard Deviation | a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score | 34 | |
| 230100684 | Placebo Effect | any effect on behavior caused by a placebo | 35 | |
| 230100685 | Correlation Coefficient | a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, & thus how well either factor predicts another | 36 | |
| 230100686 | Conditioned Response (CR) | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus | 37 | |
| 230100687 | Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response | 38 | |
| 230100688 | Unconditioned Response (UCR) | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth | 39 | |
| 230100689 | Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- (naturally & automatically) - triggers a response | 40 | |
| 230100690 | Acquisition | the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. | 41 | |
| 230100691 | Generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses | 42 | |
| 230100692 | Discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus & other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. | 43 | |
| 230100693 | Operant Behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences | 44 | |
| 230100694 | Learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience | 45 | |
| 230100695 | Classical Conditioning | a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates & prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. (also called Pavlovian Conditioning) | 46 | |
| 230100696 | Associative Learning | learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences | 47 | |
| 230100697 | Behaviorism | the view that psychology... 1. should be an objective science that.. 2. studies behavior without reference to mental processes | 48 | |
| 230100698 | Fixed-Interval Schedule (F.I.) | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed | 49 | |
| 230100699 | Fixed-Ratio Schedule (F.R.) | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses | 50 | |
| 230100700 | Conditioned Reinforcer | (aka: secondary reinforcer)- a stimulus that gains its reinforceing power through its association with a primary reinforcer | 51 | |
| 230100701 | Reinforcer | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows | 52 | |
| 230100702 | Operant Conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment | 53 | |
| 230100703 | Respondent Behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through Classical Conditioning | 54 |
