Terms : Hide Images
| 13312273599 | learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience | 0 | |
| 13312273600 | habituation | an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it | 1 | |
| 13312273601 | associative learning | learning that certain events occur together. | 2 | |
| 13312273602 | classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events |  | 3 |
| 13312273603 | behaviorism | psychology: (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. | 4 | |
| 13312273604 | unconditioned response (UR) | the unlearned, naturally occurring reaction to US, such as salivation when food is in the mouth | 5 | |
| 13312273605 | unconditioned stimulus (US) | a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a reaction (like food) | 6 | |
| 13312273606 | conditioned response (CR) | the learned reaction to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) | 7 | |
| 13312273607 | conditioned stimulus (CS) | an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an US, comes to trigger a conditioned reaction | 8 | |
| 13312273608 | acquisition | the "learned" behavior or response | 9 | |
| 13312273609 | higher-order conditioning | a procedure in which the CS in one conditioning experience is paired with a new NS, creating a second (often weaker) CS. |  | 10 |
| 13312273610 | extinction | the diminishing of a CR; when a response is no longer reinforced | 11 | |
| 13312273611 | spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished CR | 12 | |
| 13312273612 | generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit responses | 13 | |
| 13312273613 | discrimination | the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US | 14 | |
| 13312273614 | learned helplessness | the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events | 15 | |
| 13312273615 | operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished followed by a punisher |  | 16 |
| 13312273616 | law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, or where behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely | 17 | |
| 13312273617 | operant chamber | Skinner box containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforce; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking |  | 18 |
| 13312273618 | shaping | reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior | 19 | |
| 13312273619 | reinforcer | any event that strengthens the behavior it follows | 20 | |
| 13312273620 | positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. |  | 21 |
| 13312273621 | negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. | 22 | |
| 13312273622 | primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need | 23 | |
| 13312273623 | continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs | 24 | |
| 13312273624 | partial (intermittent) reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement |  | 25 |
| 13312273625 | fixed-ratio schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses | 26 | |
| 13312273626 | variable-ratio schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses | 27 | |
| 13312273627 | fixed-interval schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed | 28 | |
| 13312273628 | variable-interval schedule | a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals | 29 | |
| 13312273629 | punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows | 30 | |
| 13312273630 | cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. (For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it) | 31 | |
| 13312273631 | latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it LATER | 32 | |
| 13312273632 | insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem | 33 | |
| 13312273633 | intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake; INSIDE | 34 | |
| 13312273634 | extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment, OUTSIDE | 35 | |
| 13312273635 | modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior | 36 | |
| 13312273636 | mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empathy |  | 37 |
| 13312273637 | prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior |  | 38 |
| 13312273638 | Little Albert | subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles, especially the generalization of fear |  | 39 |
| 13312273639 | Albert Bandura | researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment | 40 | |
| 13312273640 | John Garcia | Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance. | 41 | |
| 13312273641 | Ivan Pavlov | Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936) | 42 | |
| 13312273642 | B.F. Skinner | he is famous for use of his operant conditioning apparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pigeons and rats. | 43 | |
| 13312273643 | John Watson | behaviorist; famous for Little Albert study in which a baby was taught to fear a white rat | 44 | |
| 13312273644 | biofeedback | a technique that trains people to improve their health by controlling certain bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature. | 45 | |
| 13312273645 | aversion theory | an aversive (causing a strong feeling of dislike or disgust) stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior. | 46 | |
| 13312273646 | neutral stimulus (NS) | environmental factor that doesn't elicit a CR until it is repeatedly paired with the US (ex/ bell in Pavlov experiment) | 47 | |
| 13312273647 | token economy | object or point reward system used in jail, school, & at Chuck E Cheese | 48 | |
| 13312273648 | systematic desensitization | a treatment for phobias in which the patient is exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques with the goal of "unlearning" fearful behavior | 49 |
