Some very useful vocabulary for chapter 9 on DAVID G. MYERS
Terms : Hide Images
| 9180234063 | Memory | The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. | 0 | |
| 9180234064 | Flashbulb Memory | A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. | 1 | |
| 9180234065 | Encoding | The process of putting information to the memory system. | 2 | |
| 9180234066 | Storage | The retention of encoded information over time. | 3 | |
| 9180234067 | Retrieval | The process of getting the information of the memory storage. | 4 | |
| 9180234068 | Sensory Memory | The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. | 5 | |
| 9180234069 | Short Term Memory | A working memory that last less than 18 seconds before forgotten. The capacity is very limited. 7 +/- 2. | 6 | |
| 9180234070 | Long Term Memory | A relatively permanent storage of memory with unlimited capacity. It's subdivided into explicit memory and implicit memory. | 7 | |
| 9180234071 | Automatic Processing | An unconscious encoding of information about space, time and frequency that occurs without interfering with our thinking. | 8 | |
| 9180234072 | Effortful Processing | An encoding that requires our attention and conscious effort. | 9 | |
| 9180234073 | Rehearsal | A conscious repetition of information to either maintain information in the short term memory or to encode it for storage. | 10 | |
| 9180234074 | Spacing Effect | The tendency for disturbed study or practice to yield better long term retention that is achieved through massed study. | 11 | |
| 9180234075 | Serial Position Effect | A better recall for information that comes at the beginning (primary effect) and at the end of a list of words (recency effect). | 12 | |
| 9180234076 | Visual Encoding | The encoding of picture images. | 13 | |
| 9180234077 | Acoustic Encoding | The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words. | 14 | |
| 9180234078 | Semantic Encoding | The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words. | 15 | |
| 9180234079 | Imagery | Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. | 16 | |
| 9180234080 | Mnemonics | A memory aid, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. | 17 | |
| 9180234081 | Chunking | Organizing items into familiar manageable units; often occurs automatically. | 18 | |
| 9180234082 | Iconic Memory | A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second | 19 | |
| 9180234083 | Echoic memory | A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. | 20 | |
| 9180234084 | Long Term Potentiation | An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. These neurons fire more readily. | 21 | |
| 9180234085 | Amnesia | Loss of memory. | 22 | |
| 9180234086 | Implicit memory | Retention without conscious recollection. | 23 | |
| 9180234087 | Explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. | 24 | |
| 9180234088 | Recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier. Type of retrieval. | 25 | |
| 9180234089 | Recognition | A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned. | 26 | |
| 9180234090 | Relearning | A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time. | 27 | |
| 9180234091 | Priming | The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response. | 28 | |
| 9180234092 | Déjà vu | the eerie sense that "I've experienced this before" caused by retrieval cues activating memory of a previous experience. | 29 | |
| 9180234093 | Mood-congruent Memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. | 30 | |
| 9180234094 | Proactive Interference | The process by which old memories prevent the retrieval of newer memories. | 31 | |
| 9180234095 | Retroactive Interference | The process by which new memories prevent the retrieval of older memories. | 32 | |
| 9180234096 | Repression | The tendency to forget unpleasant or traumatic memories hidden in the unconscious mind according to Freud. | 33 | |
| 9180234097 | Misinformation Effect | Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. | 34 | |
| 9180333191 | Hippocampus | part of the brain that helps process explicit memories for storage | 35 | |
| 9180336359 | Source Amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined | 36 | |
| 9180341386 | Working Memory | a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. | 37 | |
| 9180341387 | Parallel Processing | the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously | 38 | |
| 9182522563 | Language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning | 39 | |
| 9182528452 | Phoneme | in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit | 40 | |
| 9182533600 | Morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix) | 41 | |
| 9182541736 | Grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others | 42 | |
| 9182547289 | Semantics | The study of meaning in language. | 43 | |
| 9182551539 | Syntax | studies of the rules for forming admissible sentences | 44 | |
| 9182557977 | Babbling Stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language | 45 | |
| 9182561571 | One-word stage | the stage in speech development, from about 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. | 46 | |
| 9182716621 | Two-word stage | Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements. | 47 | |
| 9182724280 | Telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words | 48 | |
| 9182734333 | Linguistic relativity | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think | 49 |
