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AP Psychology: Social Psychology Flashcards

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7771579285Aggressionphysical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.0
7771579286Aggression/Biochemical InfluencesAnimals with diminished amounts of testosterone become docile (tame), and if injected with testosterone aggression increases.1
7771579288Aggression/Neural InfluencesSome centers in the brain, especially the limbic system (amygdala) and the frontal lobe, are intimately involved with aggression.2
7771579289Altruismunselfish regard for the welfare of others.3
7771579290Approach-Approach ConflictConflict when a choice must be made between two desirable alternatives; Win-Win4
7771579291Approach-Avoidance ConflictConflict when a goal is both desirable and undesirable; Win-lose5
7771579292Avoidance-Avoidance ConflictConflict when a choice must be made between two undesirable alternatives; Lose-Lose6
7771579293Asch Line Experimentexperiment designed to test how peer pressure to conform would influence the judgment and individuality of a test subject; found people were willing to ignore reality and give an incorrect answer in order to conform to the rest of the group.7
7771579294Attitudefeelings, often influenced by our beliefs that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.8
7771579296Attractionthe natural feeling of being drawn to other individuals and desiring their company. This is usually (but not necessarily) due to having a personal liking for them.9
7771579297Factors of Attraction1. Proximity; 2. Physical Attractiveness; 3. Similarity10
7771579298Attribution Theorythe theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition (who they are/personality).11
7771579300Bystander Effectthe tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid/help in a situation if other people are present.12
7771579301Central Route Persuasioninvolves reasoning and logical arguments to convince/persuade people13
7771579302Chameleon EffectStrange phenomenon in which we tend to unconsciously mimic the speech pattern, tone of voice, behavior and mood of others14
7771579303Cognitive Dissonancethe theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when our thoughts (cognitions) and behaviors (actions) are inconsistent/don't match. Must either change behavior or thought to line up to reduce discomfort.15
7771579304Companionate Lovethe deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.16
7771579305ComplianceConforming to a request or demand17
7771579306Conflicta perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.18
7771579307Conformityadjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.19
7771579308Culturethe enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next20
7771579309Deindividuationthe loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.21
7771579310Diffusion of Responsibilityreduction in feelings of personal burden or responsibility in the presence of a group22
7771579311Discrimination(Social) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.23
7771579312Dispositional Attributionpeople infer that an event or a person's behavior is due to personal factors such as traits, abilities, personality or feelings24
7771579313Door-in-the-face PhenomenonTendency for people who have first refused a large request to comply later with a smaller request.25
7771579315Ethnocentricismevaluation of other cultures according to the standards and customs of one's own culture26
7771579316Mirror Image PerceptionsPeople in conflict form similarly diabolical images of one another; See the worse in them and they see the worse in us.27
7771579317Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenonthe tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.28
7771579318Frustration-Aggression Principlethe principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression.29
7771579319Fundamental Attribution Errorthe tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.30
7771579320Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction (GRIT)a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.31
7771579321Group Polarizationthe tendency for a person to change their uncommitted opinion to an extreme opinion about something as a result of group discussion32
7771579322Groupthinkthe mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives; group members censor themselves and a strong leader emerges33
7771579323Hindsight BiasAfter learning an outcome, the tendency to believe that we could have predicted it beforehand; "I knew it all along" phenomenon.34
7771579325Informational Social Influenceinfluence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality because they believe others know more than they do35
7771579326Ingroup Biasthe tendency to favor our own group.36
7771579327Ingroup"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity.37
7771579328Just-World Phenomenonthe tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.38
7771579329Kitty Genovesebrutally murdered while dozens of New Yorkers watched from their apartments but failed to help; led to concept of bystander effect39
7771579330Mere Exposure Effectthe phenomenon that repeated exposure to stimuli increases liking of them.40
7771579331Milgram Experimenta psychologist at Yale University, conducted an experiment focusing on the conflict between obedience to authority41
7771579332Mirror-Image Perceptionsmutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.42
7771579333Norman understood rule for accepted and expected, "proper" behavior.43
7771579334Normative Social Influenceinfluence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.44
7771579335Other-Race Effectthe tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races.45
7771579336Outgroup"Them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.46
7771579337Passionate Lovean aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.47
7771579338Peripheral Route Persuasioninfluences people by way of incidental cues, like a speaker's physical attractiveness or personal reliability.48
7771579340Philip ZimbardoSocial Psychologist that conducted Stanford Prison Experiment49
7771579342Prejudicean unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.50
7771579343ProximityGeographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship & liking.51
7771579344Reciprocity Norman expectation that people will help those who have helped them.52
7771579345Rolea set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.53
7771579346Scapegoat Theorythe theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.54
7771579347Self-Disclosurerevealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.55
7771579348Self-Fulfilling Prophecya belief that leads to its own fulfillment56
7771579349SimilaritySimilar views among individuals causes the bond of attraction to strengthen; Doesn't mean you are EXACTLY the SAME, but SIMILAR in the BIG ways...57
7771579350Situational Attributionpeople infer that a person's behavior is due to situational factors.58
7771579351Social Exchange Theorythe theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.59
7771579352Social Facilitationstronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.60
7771579353Social Loafingthe tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable or doing something alone.61
7771579354Social Psychologythe scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.62
7771579355Social ScriptUnspoken "rules" on how to act in various social contexts; when confronted with new social situations, we rely on these to understand what to do.63
7771579356Social Thinkinginvolves thinking about others, especially when they engage in doing things that are unexpected.64
7771579357Social Trapa situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.65
7771579358Social-Responsibility Norman expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.66
7771579359Stanford Prison ExperimentStudy that investigated how readily people would conform to the roles of guard and prisoner in a role-playing exercise that simulated prison life; realized Power of the Situation67
7771579360Stereotypea generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.68
7771579361Superordinate Goalsshared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation69
7771579362The Robbers Cave ExperimentMuzafer Sherif, Social Psychology experiment,focused heavily on the concept of a 'group' and what a perception of belonging to a group can actually do to the relationships of members within it and their relationships with people outside their group; also tried to observe conflicts or 'friction' between two groups and the process of cooperation or 'integration' of two previously conflicting groups.70

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