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AP Psychology THINKING & LANGUAGE Flashcards

Thinking Problem Solving Creativity and Language

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10884716790cognitionall the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.0
10884716791Concepta mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people1
10884716792Prototypea standard or typical example (Is that a computer screen that BENDS?!)2
10884716793algorithma precise rule (or set of rules) specifying how to solve some problem3
10884716794Heuristica commonsense rule (or set of rules) intended to increase the probability of solving some problem4
10884716795InsightA cognitive form of learning involving the mental rearragnment or restructuring of the elements in a problem to achieve an understanding or the problem and arrive at a solution5
10884716796Confirmation biasa tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions6
10884716797fixationthe inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set7
10884716798Mental Seta tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past8
10884716799Functional fixednessthe tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving (Is a shoe just a shoe?)9
10884716800Representative heuristicjudging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevent information10
10884716801Availability heuristicestimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common11
10884716802Overconfidencetotal certainty or greater certainty than circumstances warrant12
10884716803Belief Perseveranceclinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited13
10884716804Intuitioninstinctive knowing (without the use of rational processes)14
10884716805Framingthe way an issue is posed15
10884716806Languagespoken, written or signed words, and the ways we use them to communicate.16
10884716807Phoneme(linguistics) the smallest distinctive unit of sound17
10884716808Morphemesmallest meaningful language unit18
10884716809Grammara system of linguistic rules that enables communication19
10884716810Semanticsthe study of language meaning20
10884716811Syntaxthe rules for grammatical arrangement of words in sentences21
10884716812Babbling Stagebeginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household lanuage.22
10884716813One-word Stagethe stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words23
10884716814Two-word stagebeginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements24
10884716815Telegraphic speechearly speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words25
10884716816Linguistic determinismWhorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think26
10884716817Noam ChomskyAmerican linguist whose theory of generative grammar argued that language and grammar are innate, that we have a language acquisition device built in.27
10884716818B.F Skinnerpioneer of operant conditioning who believed that language development is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments28
10884716819Benjamin WhorfLinguist who theorized the concept of "liguistic determinism" or how language impacts thought29

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