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AP Psychology: Unit 9 Flashcards

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5552349444Developmental Psychology1) a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. 2) human form conception until death0
5552351615Zygote1) the fertilized egg, it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo. 2) 0-2 weeks old, egg + sperm1
5552353370Embryo1) the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month. 2) 2-8 weeks old, major organs are made2
5552353371Fetus1) the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth. 2) 9+ weeks old3
5552355745Teratogens1) agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. 2) agents that can reach an unborn baby4
5552360841Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)1) physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions. 2) when a mother drinks during pregnancy, causes birth defects5
5552363373Habituation1) decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. 2) adapt to a repeated stimuli6
5552363398Maturation1) biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. 2) starts of the same but end at different times7
5552365620Cognition1) all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. 2) mental activities8
5552367130Schema1) a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. 2) concepts/ideas9
5552369031Assimilation1) interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas. 2) learn something by comparing to something similar10
5552370891Accommodation1) adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. 2) learn something that is not compared to other things11
5552372574Sensorimotor Stage1) in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. 2) learns about the world trough sensory and motor function12
5552374899Object Permanence1) the awareness that things continue to exist when not perceived. 2) knows things are still existing even though you cannot see it13
5552376740Preoperational Stage1) in Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. 2) child understands language, not logic14
5552382825Conservation1) the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. 2) when you know that properties remain the same even with changes in the form15
5552385284Egocentrism1) in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view. 2) only their point of view (me, me, me)16
5552385285Theory of Mind1) people's ideas about their own and other's mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict 2) idea about their own mental states17
5552387228Concrete Operational Stage1) in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. 2) Children starts understanding logic18
5552391800Formal Operational Stage1) in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. 2) child can think abstractly and like an adult19
5552393938Autism1) a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of other's states of mind. 2) disorder marked by deficient communication, not social, and don't understand other people's state of mind20
5552395961Stranger Anxiety1) the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age. 2) fear of strangers21
5552395962Attachment1) an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. 2) emotional bond22
5552397797Critical Period1) an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. 2) important period that produces proper development23
5552402347Imprinting1) the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life. 2) following of the first large moving object24
5552407841Temperament1) a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. 2) a person's characteristics25
5552411443Basic Trust1) according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers. 2) sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy26
5552413771Self-concept1) our understanding and evaluation of who we are. 2) who we think we are27
5552416584Gender1) in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female. 2) our role as a male or female (bio and Social)28
5552418716Aggression1) physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. 2) ability to hurt others on purpose29
5552418717X Chromosome1) the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child. 2) a female and male chromosome but females have more30
5552421362Y Chromosome1) the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child. 2) a male chromosome31
5552423590Testosterone1) the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. 2) sex hormone32
5552425590Role1) a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. 2) our norms33
5552427541Gender Role1) a set of expected behaviors for males or for females. 2) norms for males and females34
5552431309Gender Identity1) our sense of being male or female 2) how we feel about our gender35
5552433185Gender Typing1) the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role. 2) learning of male and female roles36
5552435835Social Learning Theory1) the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished. 2) learn by watching (observational learning)37
5552437643Adolescence1) the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. 2) teen years38
5552439303Puberty1 the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. 2) time in life when you can start having babies39
5552439304Primary Sexual Characteristics1) the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that makes sexual reproduction possible. 2) what is needed for babies40
5552441348Secondary Sex Characteristics1) non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair. 2) the side-effects of puberty (not needed)41
5552447090Menarche1) the first menstrual period. 2) women's first period42
5552447091Identity1) our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles. 2) how we see our self43
5552449121Social Identify1) the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships. 2) how we see ourselves as a generation44
5552451356Intimacy1) in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood. 2) when you start making strong, forever lasting relationships45
5552453552Emerging Adulthood1) for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood. 2) starting to be a adult46
5552456523Menopause1) the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. 2) loss the ability to let go of eggs (don't have any more)47
5552457977Cross-sectional Study1) a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another. 2) fast paced learning with different ages48
5552459920Longitudinal Study1) research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period. 2) expensive experimentation with one group of people49
5552463003Crystallized Intelligence1) our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age. 2) things we already know that tends to increase with age50
5552466742Fluid Intelligence1) our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood. 2) how fast our mind works that tends to decrease with age51
5552470461Social Clock1) the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. 2) how people see when it is necessary to do certain things in life52

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