Terms : Hide Images
| 9847650956 | structuralism | used introspection to determine the underlying structures of the mind | 0 | |
| 9847650957 | introspection | act of looking inward to examine mental experience | 1 | |
| 9847650958 | functionalism | need to analyze the purpose of the behavior | 2 | |
| 9847650959 | evolutionary perspective | key word: genes | 3 | |
| 9847650960 | humanistic perspective | key words: free will, choice, ideal, actualization | 4 | |
| 9847650961 | biological perspective | key words: brain, neurotransmitters | 5 | |
| 9847650962 | cognitive perspective | key words: perceptions, thoughts | 6 | |
| 9847650963 | behavioral perspective | key words: learned, reinforced | 7 | |
| 9847650964 | psychoanalytic/dynamic | key words: unconscious, childhood | 8 | |
| 9847650965 | sociocultural perspective | key word: society | 9 | |
| 9847650966 | biopyschosocial | key words: combo of bio, psychoanalytic, and socio | 10 | |
| 9847650967 | mary calkins | first female president of the APA | 11 | |
| 9847650968 | Charles darwin | natural selection & evolution | 12 | |
| 9847650969 | dorothea dix | reformed mental institutions in the US | 13 | |
| 9847650970 | stanley hall | first president of the APA, first journal | 14 | |
| 9847650971 | William james | father of American psychology - functionalist | 15 | |
| 9847650972 | wilhem wundt | father of modern psychology - structuralist | 16 | |
| 9847650973 | Margaret floy washburn | first female with a PhD | 17 | |
| 9847650974 | experiment | advantage: researcher controls variable to establish CAUSE AND EFFECT; disadvantage: difficult to generalize | 18 | |
| 9847650975 | independent variable | manipulated by the researcher | 19 | |
| 9847650976 | experimental group | received the treatment | 20 | |
| 9847650977 | control group | placebo, baseline | 21 | |
| 9847650978 | placebo effect | shows behaviors associated with the experimental group when having received a plaebo | 22 | |
| 9847650979 | double-blind | experiment where neither the participant or the experimenter are aware of which condition people are assigned to | 23 | |
| 9847650980 | dependent variable | measured variable (it depends on the independent var.) | 24 | |
| 9847650981 | operational definition | clear, precise, typically quantifiable definition of your variables - allows replication | 25 | |
| 9847650982 | cofound variable | error/flaw in the study | 26 | |
| 9847650983 | random assignment | assigns participants to either control or experimental group at random - minimizes bias, increase chance of equal representation | 27 | |
| 9847650984 | random sample | method for choosing participants - minimizes bias | 28 | |
| 9847650985 | validity | accurate results | 29 | |
| 9847650986 | reliability | same results every time | 30 | |
| 9847650987 | naturalistic observation | advantage: real world validity (observing people in their natural setting); disadvantage: no cause and effect | 31 | |
| 9847650988 | correlation | advantage: identify relationship between two variable; disadvantage: no cause and effect | 32 | |
| 9847650989 | positive correlation | variable in the same direction (both increasing or both decreasing) | 33 | |
| 9847650990 | negative correlation | variables vary in opposite directions (one up and one down or vice versa) | 34 | |
| 9847650991 | strong correlation | -.8 is stronger than .2 | 35 | |
| 9847650992 | weak correlation | .4 is weaker than .7 | 36 | |
| 9847650993 | case study | advantage: studies ONE person (usually) in great detail- lots of info; disadvantage: no cause and effect | 37 | |
| 9847650994 | descriptive stats | shape of the data | 38 | |
| 9847651130 | positive skew |  | 39 | |
| 9847651131 | negative skew |  | 40 | |
| 9847651132 | normal distribution |  | 41 | |
| 9847650995 | inferential stats | establishes significance (meaningfulness); significant results = NOT due to chance | 42 | |
| 9847650996 | neuron | basic cell of the nervous system | 43 | |
| 9847650997 | dendrites | receive incoming signal | 44 | |
| 9847650998 | soma | cell body (includes nucleus) | 45 | |
| 9847650999 | axon | action potential travels down this | 46 | |
| 9847651000 | myelin sheath | speeds up signal now the axon | 47 | |
| 9847651001 | terminals | release neurotransmitters - send signal to the next neuron | 48 | |
| 9847651002 | synapse | gap between neurons | 49 | |
| 9847651003 | action potential | movement of sodium and potassium ions across a membrane, sends an electrical charge down the axon | 50 | |
| 9847651004 | all or nothing law | stimulus must trigger the action potential past its threshold, but does not increase the intensity of the response | 51 | |
| 9847651005 | refractory period | neuron must rest and reset before it can send another action potential | 52 | |
| 9847651006 | sensory neurons | receive signals | 53 | |
| 9847651007 | afferent neurons | accept signals | 54 | |
| 9847651008 | motor neurons | send signals | 55 | |
| 9847651009 | efferent neurons | signal exits | 56 | |
| 9847651010 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 57 | |
| 9847651011 | peripheral nervous system | everything in the nervous system but the brain and spinal cord | 58 | |
| 9847651012 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 59 | |
| 9847651013 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary (heart, lungs, etc.) | 60 | |
| 9847651014 | sympathetic nervous system | arouses the body for fight or flight | 61 | |
| 9847651015 | parasympathetic nervous system | established homeostasis after a sympathetic response | 62 | |
| 9847651016 | neurotransmitters | chemicals released in synaptic gap, received by neurons | 63 | |
| 9847651017 | GABA | major inhibitory NT | 64 | |
| 9847651018 | glutamate | major excitatory NT | 65 | |
| 9847651019 | dopamine | reward & movement | 66 | |
| 9847651020 | serotonin | moods and emotions | 67 | |
| 9847651021 | acetylcholine (ACh) | memory | 68 | |
| 9847651022 | epinephrine & norepinephrine | sympathetic NS arousal | 69 | |
| 9847651023 | endorphins | pain control, happiness | 70 | |
| 9847651024 | oxytocin | love and bonding | 71 | |
| 9847651025 | agonist | drug that mimics a NT | 72 | |
| 9847651026 | antagonist | drug that blocks a NT | 73 | |
| 9847651027 | reuptake | unused NTs are taken back up into the sending neuron; SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) block reuptake - treatment for depression | 74 | |
| 9847651028 | hindbrain | oldest part of the brain; includes cerebellum, pons and medulla | 75 | |
| 9847651029 | cerebellum | coordinates and regulates muscular movement | 76 | |
| 9847651030 | medulla | control center for the heart and lungs | 77 | |
| 9847651031 | pons | sleep/arousal; links medulla to the thalamus | 78 | |
| 9847651032 | reticular formation | mediates the overall level of consciousness | 79 | |
| 9847651033 | forebrain | higher thought processes | 80 | |
| 9847651034 | limbic system | controls basic emotions and drives; also concerned with instinct and mood | 81 | |
| 9847651035 | amygdala | emotions and fear | 82 | |
| 9847651036 | hippocampus | memory | 83 | |
| 9847651037 | thalamus | relay center for sensory info | 84 | |
| 9847651038 | hypothalamus | reward/ pleasure center, eating behaviors | 85 | |
| 9847651039 | broca's area | inability to produce speech | 86 | |
| 9847651040 | Wernicke's area | inability to comprehend speech | 87 | |
| 9847651041 | cerebral cortex | outer portion of the brain - higher order thought processes | 88 | |
| 9847651042 | occipital lobe | back of the head - vision | 89 | |
| 9847651043 | frontal lobe | decision making, planning, judgment, movement, personality | 90 | |
| 9847651044 | parietal lobe | top of the head - sensations | 91 | |
| 9847651045 | temporal lobe | sides of the head - hearing and face recognition | 92 | |
| 9847651046 | somatosensory cortex | map of our sensory receptors - in parietal lobe | 93 | |
| 9847651047 | motor cortex | map of motor receptors - in frontal lobe | 94 | |
| 9847651048 | corpus callosum | bundle of nerves that connects the two hemispheres - sometimes severed in patients with seizures - leads to split-brain patients | 95 | |
| 9847651049 | lateralization | the brain has some specialized features - language is processed in the left hemisphere | 96 | |
| 9847651050 | split-brain patients | done by Sperry & Gazzanaga; images shown to the right hemisphere will be processed in the left (and vice versa), patients can verbally identify what they saw | 97 | |
| 9847651051 | brain plasticity | brain can modify its own structure and functions of the internal or external environment changes | 98 | |
| 9847651052 | endocrine system | sends hormones throughout the body | 99 | |
| 9847651053 | pituitary gland | controlled by the hypothalamus; release growth hormones | 100 | |
| 9847651054 | adrenal glands | related to sympathetic NS; releases adrenaline | 101 | |
| 9847651055 | EEG | can observe brain activity - not specific | 102 | |
| 9847651056 | XRAY | doesn't show tissues; not useful | 103 | |
| 9847651057 | CT/MRI | shows structure of the brain | 104 | |
| 9847651058 | PET | glucose shows brain activity | 105 | |
| 9847651059 | fMRI | glucose shows activity in real time | 106 | |
| 9847651060 | absolute threshold | detection of signal 50% of the time | 107 | |
| 9847651061 | difference threshold | aka just noticeable difference; two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum proportion | 108 | |
| 9847651062 | sensory adaptation | diminished sensitivity as a result of constant stimulation (don't feel your clothes on you) | 109 | |
| 9847651063 | perceptual set | tendency to see something as a part of a group - speeds up signal processing | 110 | |
| 9847651064 | inattentional blindness | failure to notice something because you're so focused on another task | 111 | |
| 9847651065 | cocktail party effect | notice your name across the room when its spoken when you were not previously paying attention | 112 | |
| 9847651066 | pathway of vision | light - cornea - pupil/iris - lens - retina - rods/cones - bipolar cells - ganglion cells - optic nerve - optic chiasm - occipital lobe | 113 | |
| 9847651067 | cornea | protects the eye | 114 | |
| 9847651068 | pupil/iris | controls the amount of light entering the eye | 115 | |
| 9847651069 | lens | focuses light on retina | 116 | |
| 9847651070 | fovea | area of best vision (cones here) | 117 | |
| 9847651071 | rods | black/white; dim light | 118 | |
| 9847651072 | cones | color; bright light | 119 | |
| 9847651073 | bipolar cells | connects rod/cones and ganglion cells | 120 | |
| 9847651074 | ganglion cells | opponent-processing occurs here | 121 | |
| 9847651075 | blind spot | occurs where the optic nerve leaves the eye | 122 | |
| 9847651076 | feature detectors | specialized cells that see motion, shapes, lines, etc. | 123 | |
| 9847651077 | trichromatic theory | three cones for receiving color (blue, red, green); explains color blindness (missing a cone) | 124 | |
| 9847651078 | opponent process theory | complementary colors are processed in the ganglion cells - explains why we see an after image | 125 | |
| 9847651079 | visual capture | visual system overwhelms all the others | 126 | |
| 9847651080 | constancies | recognize the objects do not physically change despite changes in sensory input | 127 | |
| 9847651081 | phi phenomenon | adjacent lights blink on/off in succession - looks like movement (traffic signs with arrows) | 128 | |
| 9847651082 | stroboscopic movement | motion produced by a rapid succession of slightly varying images (animation) | 129 | |
| 9847651083 | interposition | overlapping images appear close (monocular cue) | 130 | |
| 9847651084 | relative size | two objects that are usually similar in size, the smaller one is further away (monocular cue) | 131 | |
| 9847651085 | relative clarity | hazy objects appear further away (monocular cue) | 132 | |
| 9847651086 | texture gradient | coarser objects are closer (monocular cue) | 133 | |
| 9847651087 | relative height | things higher in our field of vision look further away (monocular cue) | 134 | |
| 9847651088 | linear perspective | parallel lines converge with distance (monocular cue) | 135 | |
| 9847651089 | retinal disparity | image is cast slightly different on each retinal, location of image helps us determine depth (binocular cue) | 136 | |
| 9847651090 | convergence | eyes strain more (looking inward) as objects draw near (binocular cue) | 137 | |
| 9847651091 | top-down processing | whole to smaller parts | 138 | |
| 9847651092 | bottom-up processing | smaller parts to whole | 139 | |
| 9847651093 | pathway of sound | sound - pinna - auditory canal - ear drum (tympanic membrane) - hammer, anvil, stirrup - oval window - cochlea - auditory nerve - temporal lobes | 140 | |
| 9847651094 | outer ear | pinna (ear), auditory canal | 141 | |
| 9847651095 | middle ear | ear drum, hammer, anvil, stirrup (bones vibrate to send signals) | 142 | |
| 9847651096 | inner ear | cochlea | 143 | |
| 9847651097 | place theory | location where hair cells bends to determine sound (high pitches) | 144 | |
| 9847651098 | frequency theory | rate at which action potentials are sent determines sound (low pitches) | 145 | |
| 9847651099 | pathway of touch | mechanoreceptors - spinal cord - thalamus - somatosensory cortex | 146 | |
| 9847651100 | gate-control theory | we have a "gate" to control how much pain is experienced | 147 | |
| 9847651101 | kinesthetic sense | sense of body position | 148 | |
| 9847651102 | vestibular sense | sense of balance (semicircular canals in inner ear effect this) | 149 | |
| 9847651103 | taste (gustation) | 5 receptors: bitter, salty, sweet, sour, umami (savory) | 150 | |
| 9847651104 | smell (olfaction) | only sense that doesn't go through the thalamus, first goes to temporal lobe and amygdala | 151 | |
| 9847651105 | gestalt psychology | whole is greater than the sum of its parts | 152 | |
| 9847651106 | figure/ground | organize info into figures objects (figures) that stand apart from surrounds (background) | 153 | |
| 9847651107 | closure | tendency to mentally fill in gaps | 154 | |
| 9847651108 | proximity | tendency to group things together that appear near each other | 155 | |
| 9847651109 | similarity | tendency to group things together based off looks | 156 | |
| 9847651110 | continuity | tendency to mentally form a continuous line | 157 | |
| 9847651111 | higher-level of consciousness | controlled processes - totally aware | 158 | |
| 9847651112 | lower-level of consciousness | automatic processing (daydreaming, phone numbers) | 159 | |
| 9847651113 | altered state of consciousness | produced through drugs, fatigue, and hypnosis | 160 | |
| 9847651114 | subconscious | sleeping and dreaming | 161 | |
| 9847651115 | metacognition | thinking about thinking | 162 | |
| 9847651116 | beta waves | awake | 163 | |
| 9847651117 | alpha waves | high amplitude; drowsy | 164 | |
| 9847651118 | stage 1 of sleep | light sleep | 165 | |
| 9847651119 | stage 2 of sleep | bursts of sleep spindles | 166 | |
| 9847651120 | stages 3 of sleep | delta waves; deep sleep | 167 | |
| 9847651121 | stage 4 of sleep | extremely deep sleep | 168 | |
| 9847651122 | Rapid Eye Movement (REM) | dreaming | 169 | |
| 9847651123 | length of a sleep cycle | 90 minutes | 170 | |
| 9847651124 | circadian rhythm | 24 hour biological clock | 171 | |
| 9847651125 | insomnia | inability to fall asleep (due to stress/anxiety) | 172 | |
| 9847651126 | sleep walking | due to fatigue, drugs, or alcohol | 173 | |
| 9847651127 | night terrors | extreme nightmares - not in REM sleep - typically in children | 174 | |
| 9847651128 | narcolepsy | fall asleep out of nowhere; due to deficiency in orexin | 175 | |
| 9847651129 | sleep apnea | aka snoring; stop breathing suddenly while asleep; due to obesity usually | 176 |
