Terms : Hide Images
| 9796775899 | structuralism | used introspection to determine the underlying structures of the mind | 0 | |
| 9796775900 | introspection | act of looking inward to examine mental experience | 1 | |
| 9796775901 | functionalism | need to analyze the purpose of the behavior | 2 | |
| 9796775902 | evolutionary perspective | key word: genes | 3 | |
| 9796775903 | humanistic perspective | key words: free will, choice, ideal, actualization | 4 | |
| 9796775904 | biological perspective | key words: brain, neurotransmitters | 5 | |
| 9796775905 | cognitive perspective | key words: perceptions, thoughts | 6 | |
| 9796775906 | behavioral perspective | key words: learned, reinforced | 7 | |
| 9796775907 | psychoanalytic/dynamic | key words: unconscious, childhood | 8 | |
| 9796775908 | sociocultural perspective | key word: society | 9 | |
| 9796775909 | biopyschosocial | key words: combo of bio, psychoanalytic, and socio | 10 | |
| 9796775910 | mary calkins | first female president of the APA | 11 | |
| 9796775911 | Charles darwin | natural selection & evolution | 12 | |
| 9796775912 | dorothea dix | reformed mental institutions in the US | 13 | |
| 9796775913 | stanley hall | first president of the APA, first journal | 14 | |
| 9796775914 | William james | father of American psychology - functionalist | 15 | |
| 9796775915 | wilhem wundt | father of modern psychology - structuralist | 16 | |
| 9796775916 | Margaret floy washburn | first female with a PhD | 17 | |
| 9796775917 | experiment | advantage: researcher controls variable to establish CAUSE AND EFFECT; disadvantage: difficult to generalize | 18 | |
| 9796775918 | independent variable | manipulated by the researcher | 19 | |
| 9796775919 | experimental group | received the treatment | 20 | |
| 9796775920 | control group | placebo, baseline | 21 | |
| 9796775921 | placebo effect | shows behaviors associated with the experimental group when having received a plaebo | 22 | |
| 9796775922 | double-blind | experiment where neither the participant or the experimenter are aware of which condition people are assigned to | 23 | |
| 9796775923 | dependent variable | measured variable (it depends on the independent var.) | 24 | |
| 9796775924 | operational definition | clear, precise, typically quantifiable definition of your variables - allows replication | 25 | |
| 9796775925 | cofound variable | error/flaw in the study | 26 | |
| 9796775926 | random assignment | assigns participants to either control or experimental group at random - minimizes bias, increase chance of equal representation | 27 | |
| 9796775927 | random sample | method for choosing participants - minimizes bias | 28 | |
| 9796775928 | validity | accurate results | 29 | |
| 9796775929 | reliability | same results every time | 30 | |
| 9796775930 | naturalistic observation | advantage: real world validity (observing people in their natural setting); disadvantage: no cause and effect | 31 | |
| 9796775931 | correlation | advantage: identify relationship between two variable; disadvantage: no cause and effect | 32 | |
| 9796775932 | positive correlation | variable in the same direction (both increasing or both decreasing) | 33 | |
| 9796775933 | negative correlation | variables vary in opposite directions (one up and one down or vice versa) | 34 | |
| 9796775934 | strong correlation | -.8 is stronger than .2 | 35 | |
| 9796775935 | weak correlation | .4 is weaker than .7 | 36 | |
| 9796775936 | case study | advantage: studies ONE person (usually) in great detail- lots of info; disadvantage: no cause and effect | 37 | |
| 9796775937 | descriptive stats | shape of the data | 38 | |
| 9796776074 | positive skew |  | 39 | |
| 9796776075 | negative skew |  | 40 | |
| 9796776076 | normal distribution |  | 41 | |
| 9796775938 | inferential stats | establishes significance (meaningfulness); significant results = NOT due to chance | 42 | |
| 9796775939 | neuron | basic cell of the nervous system | 43 | |
| 9796775940 | dendrites | receive incoming signal | 44 | |
| 9796775941 | soma | cell body (includes nucleus) | 45 | |
| 9796775942 | axon | action potential travels down this | 46 | |
| 9796775943 | myelin sheath | speeds up signal now the axon | 47 | |
| 9796775944 | terminals | release neurotransmitters - send signal to the next neuron | 48 | |
| 9796775945 | synapse | gap between neurons | 49 | |
| 9796775946 | action potential | movement of sodium and potassium ions across a membrane, sends an electrical charge down the axon | 50 | |
| 9796775947 | all or nothing law | stimulus must trigger the action potential past its threshold, but does not increase the intensity of the response | 51 | |
| 9796775948 | refractory period | neuron must rest and reset before it can send another action potential | 52 | |
| 9796775949 | sensory neurons | receive signals | 53 | |
| 9796775950 | afferent neurons | accept signals | 54 | |
| 9796775951 | motor neurons | send signals | 55 | |
| 9796775952 | efferent neurons | signal exits | 56 | |
| 9796775953 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 57 | |
| 9796775954 | peripheral nervous system | everything in the nervous system but the brain and spinal cord | 58 | |
| 9796775955 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 59 | |
| 9796775956 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary (heart, lungs, etc.) | 60 | |
| 9796775957 | sympathetic nervous system | arouses the body for fight or flight | 61 | |
| 9796775958 | parasympathetic nervous system | established homeostasis after a sympathetic response | 62 | |
| 9796775959 | neurotransmitters | chemicals released in synaptic gap, received by neurons | 63 | |
| 9796775960 | GABA | major inhibitory NT | 64 | |
| 9796775961 | glutamate | major excitatory NT | 65 | |
| 9796775962 | dopamine | reward & movement | 66 | |
| 9796775963 | serotonin | moods and emotions | 67 | |
| 9796775964 | acetylcholine (ACh) | memory | 68 | |
| 9796775965 | epinephrine & norepinephrine | sympathetic NS arousal | 69 | |
| 9796775966 | endorphins | pain control, happiness | 70 | |
| 9796775967 | oxytocin | love and bonding | 71 | |
| 9796775968 | agonist | drug that mimics a NT | 72 | |
| 9796775969 | antagonist | drug that blocks a NT | 73 | |
| 9796775970 | reuptake | unused NTs are taken back up into the sending neuron; SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) block reuptake - treatment for depression | 74 | |
| 9796775971 | hindbrain | oldest part of the brain; includes cerebellum, pons and medulla | 75 | |
| 9796775972 | cerebellum | coordinates and regulates muscular movement | 76 | |
| 9796775973 | medulla | control center for the heart and lungs | 77 | |
| 9796775974 | pons | sleep/arousal; links medulla to the thalamus | 78 | |
| 9796775975 | reticular formation | mediates the overall level of consciousness | 79 | |
| 9796775976 | forebrain | higher thought processes | 80 | |
| 9796775977 | limbic system | controls basic emotions and drives; also concerned with instinct and mood | 81 | |
| 9796775978 | amygdala | emotions and fear | 82 | |
| 9796775979 | hippocampus | memory | 83 | |
| 9796775980 | thalamus | relay center for sensory info | 84 | |
| 9796775981 | hypothalamus | reward/ pleasure center, eating behaviors | 85 | |
| 9796775982 | broca's area | inability to produce speech | 86 | |
| 9796775983 | Wernicke's area | inability to comprehend speech | 87 | |
| 9796775984 | cerebral cortex | outer portion of the brain - higher order thought processes | 88 | |
| 9796775985 | occipital lobe | back of the head - vision | 89 | |
| 9796775986 | frontal lobe | decision making, planning, judgment, movement, personality | 90 | |
| 9796775987 | parietal lobe | top of the head - sensations | 91 | |
| 9796775988 | temporal lobe | sides of the head - hearing and face recognition | 92 | |
| 9796775989 | somatosensory cortex | map of our sensory receptors - in parietal lobe | 93 | |
| 9796775990 | motor cortex | map of motor receptors - in frontal lobe | 94 | |
| 9796775991 | corpus callosum | bundle of nerves that connects the two hemispheres - sometimes severed in patients with seizures - leads to split-brain patients | 95 | |
| 9796775992 | lateralization | the brain has some specialized features - language is processed in the left hemisphere | 96 | |
| 9796775993 | split-brain patients | done by Sperry & Gazzanaga; images shown to the right hemisphere will be processed in the left (and vice versa), patients can verbally identify what they saw | 97 | |
| 9796775994 | brain plasticity | brain can modify its own structure and functions of the internal or external environment changes | 98 | |
| 9796775995 | endocrine system | sends hormones throughout the body | 99 | |
| 9796775996 | pituitary gland | controlled by the hypothalamus; release growth hormones | 100 | |
| 9796775997 | adrenal glands | related to sympathetic NS; releases adrenaline | 101 | |
| 9796775998 | EEG | can observe brain activity - not specific | 102 | |
| 9796775999 | XRAY | doesn't show tissues; not useful | 103 | |
| 9796776000 | CT/MRI | shows structure of the brain | 104 | |
| 9796776001 | PET | glucose shows brain activity | 105 | |
| 9796776002 | fMRI | glucose shows activity in real time | 106 | |
| 9796776003 | absolute threshold | detection of signal 50% of the time | 107 | |
| 9796776004 | difference threshold | aka just noticeable difference; two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum proportion | 108 | |
| 9796776005 | sensory adaptation | diminished sensitivity as a result of constant stimulation (don't feel your clothes on you) | 109 | |
| 9796776006 | perceptual set | tendency to see something as a part of a group - speeds up signal processing | 110 | |
| 9796776007 | inattentional blindness | failure to notice something because you're so focused on another task | 111 | |
| 9796776008 | cocktail party effect | notice your name across the room when its spoken when you were not previously paying attention | 112 | |
| 9796776009 | pathway of vision | light - cornea - pupil/iris - lens - retina - rods/cones - bipolar cells - ganglion cells - optic nerve - optic chiasm - occipital lobe | 113 | |
| 9796776010 | cornea | protects the eye | 114 | |
| 9796776011 | pupil/iris | controls the amount of light entering the eye | 115 | |
| 9796776012 | lens | focuses light on retina | 116 | |
| 9796776013 | fovea | area of best vision (cones here) | 117 | |
| 9796776014 | rods | black/white; dim light | 118 | |
| 9796776015 | cones | color; bright light | 119 | |
| 9796776016 | bipolar cells | connects rod/cones and ganglion cells | 120 | |
| 9796776017 | ganglion cells | opponent-processing occurs here | 121 | |
| 9796776018 | blind spot | occurs where the optic nerve leaves the eye | 122 | |
| 9796776019 | feature detectors | specialized cells that see motion, shapes, lines, etc. | 123 | |
| 9796776020 | trichromatic theory | three cones for receiving color (blue, red, green); explains color blindness (missing a cone) | 124 | |
| 9796776021 | opponent process theory | complementary colors are processed in the ganglion cells - explains why we see an after image | 125 | |
| 9796776022 | visual capture | visual system overwhelms all the others | 126 | |
| 9796776023 | constancies | recognize the objects do not physically change despite changes in sensory input | 127 | |
| 9796776024 | phi phenomenon | adjacent lights blink on/off in succession - looks like movement (traffic signs with arrows) | 128 | |
| 9796776025 | stroboscopic movement | motion produced by a rapid succession of slightly varying images (animation) | 129 | |
| 9796776026 | interposition | overlapping images appear close (monocular cue) | 130 | |
| 9796776027 | relative size | two objects that are usually similar in size, the smaller one is further away (monocular cue) | 131 | |
| 9796776028 | relative clarity | hazy objects appear further away (monocular cue) | 132 | |
| 9796776029 | texture gradient | coarser objects are closer (monocular cue) | 133 | |
| 9796776030 | relative height | things higher in our field of vision look further away (monocular cue) | 134 | |
| 9796776031 | linear perspective | parallel lines converge with distance (monocular cue) | 135 | |
| 9796776032 | retinal disparity | image is cast slightly different on each retinal, location of image helps us determine depth (binocular cue) | 136 | |
| 9796776033 | convergence | eyes strain more (looking inward) as objects draw near (binocular cue) | 137 | |
| 9796776034 | top-down processing | whole to smaller parts | 138 | |
| 9796776035 | bottom-up processing | smaller parts to whole | 139 | |
| 9796776036 | pathway of sound | sound - pinna - auditory canal - ear drum (tympanic membrane) - hammer, anvil, stirrup - oval window - cochlea - auditory nerve - temporal lobes | 140 | |
| 9796776037 | outer ear | pinna (ear), auditory canal | 141 | |
| 9796776038 | middle ear | ear drum, hammer, anvil, stirrup (bones vibrate to send signals) | 142 | |
| 9796776039 | inner ear | cochlea | 143 | |
| 9796776040 | place theory | location where hair cells bends to determine sound (high pitches) | 144 | |
| 9796776041 | frequency theory | rate at which action potentials are sent determines sound (low pitches) | 145 | |
| 9796776042 | pathway of touch | mechanoreceptors - spinal cord - thalamus - somatosensory cortex | 146 | |
| 9796776043 | gate-control theory | we have a "gate" to control how much pain is experienced | 147 | |
| 9796776044 | kinesthetic sense | sense of body position | 148 | |
| 9796776045 | vestibular sense | sense of balance (semicircular canals in inner ear effect this) | 149 | |
| 9796776046 | taste (gustation) | 5 receptors: bitter, salty, sweet, sour, umami (savory) | 150 | |
| 9796776047 | smell (olfaction) | only sense that doesn't go through the thalamus, first goes to temporal lobe and amygdala | 151 | |
| 9796776048 | gestalt psychology | whole is greater than the sum of its parts | 152 | |
| 9796776049 | figure/ground | organize info into figures objects (figures) that stand apart from surrounds (background) | 153 | |
| 9796776050 | closure | tendency to mentally fill in gaps | 154 | |
| 9796776051 | proximity | tendency to group things together that appear near each other | 155 | |
| 9796776052 | similarity | tendency to group things together based off looks | 156 | |
| 9796776053 | continuity | tendency to mentally form a continuous line | 157 | |
| 9796776054 | higher-level of consciousness | controlled processes - totally aware | 158 | |
| 9796776055 | lower-level of consciousness | automatic processing (daydreaming, phone numbers) | 159 | |
| 9796776056 | altered state of consciousness | produced through drugs, fatigue, and hypnosis | 160 | |
| 9796776057 | subconscious | sleeping and dreaming | 161 | |
| 9796776058 | metacognition | thinking about thinking | 162 | |
| 9796776059 | beta waves | awake | 163 | |
| 9796776060 | alpha waves | high amplitude; drowsy | 164 | |
| 9796776061 | stage 1 of sleep | light sleep | 165 | |
| 9796776062 | stage 2 of sleep | bursts of sleep spindles | 166 | |
| 9796776063 | stages 3 of sleep | delta waves; deep sleep | 167 | |
| 9796776064 | stage 4 of sleep | extremely deep sleep | 168 | |
| 9796776065 | Rapid Eye Movement (REM) | dreaming | 169 | |
| 9796776066 | length of a sleep cycle | 90 minutes | 170 | |
| 9796776067 | circadian rhythm | 24 hour biological clock | 171 | |
| 9796776068 | insomnia | inability to fall asleep (due to stress/anxiety) | 172 | |
| 9796776069 | sleep walking | due to fatigue, drugs, or alcohol | 173 | |
| 9796776070 | night terrors | extreme nightmares - not in REM sleep - typically in children | 174 | |
| 9796776071 | narcolepsy | fall asleep out of nowhere; due to deficiency in orexin | 175 | |
| 9796776072 | sleep apnea | aka snoring; stop breathing suddenly while asleep; due to obesity usually | 176 |
