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| 6548873942 | psychology | The science of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 6548892956 | positive psychology | -a field of research that focuses on people's positive experiences and characteristics, such as happiness, optimism, and resilience. | 1 | |
| 6548897882 | biological psychologists | -they analyze the biological factors influencing behavior and mental processes. | 2 | |
| 6548902625 | developmental psychologists | -they seek to understand, describe, and explore how behavior and mental processes change over a lifetime. | 3 | |
| 6548907773 | cognitive psychologists | -they study the mental processes underlying judgment, decision making, problem solving, imagining, and other aspects of human thought or cognition. Also called experimental psychologists. | 4 | |
| 6548911031 | clinical & counseling psychologists | -they seek to assess, understand, and change abnormal behavior. | 5 | |
| 6548915496 | educational psychologists | -they study methods by which instructors teach and students learn and who apply their results to improving those methods | 6 | |
| 6550430471 | forensic psychologists | -they assist in jury selection, evaluate defendants mental competence to stand trial, and deal with other issues involving psychology and the law. | 7 | |
| 6550436171 | psychodynamic approach | -a view developed by Freud that emphasizes the interplay of unconscious mental processes in determining human thought, feelings, and behavior. | 8 | |
| 6550455551 | behavioral approach | -an approach to psychology emphasizing that human behavior is determined mainly by what a person has learned, especially from rewards and punishments. | 9 | |
| 6627567570 | structuralism | -an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind | 10 | |
| 6627569777 | functionalism | -a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function -how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish | 11 | |
| 6627573592 | humanistic psychology | -historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth | 12 | |
| 6627578062 | cognitive neuroscience | -the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) linked with cognition. | 13 | |
| 6627581855 | nature-nurture debate | -the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. -Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture | 14 | |
| 6632773075 | biopsychosocial approach | -an integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis | 15 | |
| 6632775654 | biological psychology | -a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes | 16 | |
| 6632777481 | evolutionary psychology | -the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection | 17 | |
| 6632779133 | psychodynamic therapy | -therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight | 18 | |
| 6632780222 | behavioral psychology | -the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning | 19 | |
| 6632781553 | cognitive psychology | -the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating | 20 | |
| 6632782530 | social-cultural psychology | -the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking | 21 | |
| 6632784301 | psychometrics | -the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits | 22 | |
| 6632785499 | basic research | -pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base | 23 | |
| 6632786357 | developmental psychology | -a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span | 24 | |
| 6632786835 | educational pscyhology | -the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning | 25 | |
| 6632788702 | personality psychology | -the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting | 26 | |
| 6632789604 | social psychology | -the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another | 27 | |
| 6632790688 | applied psychology | -scientific study that aims to solve practical problems | 28 | |
| 6632792861 | industrial-organizational psychology | -application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces | 29 | |
| 6632793912 | counseling psychology | -a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being | 30 | |
| 6632795294 | clinical psychology | -a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders | 31 | |
| 6632796300 | psychiatry | -a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy | 32 | |
| 6632800538 | hindsight bias | -the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it | 33 | |
| 6632802995 | theory | -an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations | 34 | |
| 6632803644 | hypothesis | -a testable prediction, often implied by a theory | 35 | |
| 6632805541 | operational definition | -a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures | 36 | |
| 6632806755 | replication | -repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances | 37 | |
| 6632807515 | case study | -an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles | 38 | |
| 6632808594 | survey | -a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them | 39 | |
| 6632809570 | population | -all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study | 40 | |
| 6632810264 | random sample | -a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion | 41 | |
| 6632811864 | naturalistic observation | -observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation | 42 | |
| 6632813025 | correlation | -a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other | 43 | |
| 6632814102 | correlation coefficient | -a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1) | 44 | |
| 6632815640 | scatterplot | -a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables | 45 | |
| 6632817086 | illusory correlation | -the perception of a relationship where none exists | 46 | |
| 6632818083 | experiment | -research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process | 47 | |
| 6632821769 | random assignment | -assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups | 48 | |
| 6632824149 | double-blind procedure | -experimental procedure in which both the research participant and the research staff are ignorant about whether the participants have received the treatment or the placebo | 49 | |
| 6632825449 | placebo | -experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. | 50 | |
| 6632826424 | experimental group | -in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable | 51 | |
| 6632828188 | control group | -in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment | 52 | |
| 6632829213 | independent variable | -the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied | 53 | |
| 6632829214 | dependent variable | -the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable | 54 | |
| 6632830060 | confounding variable | -a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment | 55 | |
| 6632875604 | mode | -the most frequently occurring score in a distribution | 56 | |
| 6632875605 | mean | -the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores | 57 | |
| 6632877829 | median | -the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it | 58 | |
| 6632879975 | range | -the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution | 59 | |
| 6632880877 | standard deviation | -a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score | 60 | |
| 6632881882 | normal curve | -the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes | 61 | |
| 6632882746 | statistical significance | -a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance | 62 | |
| 6632886636 | culture | -the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next | 63 | |
| 6632887498 | informed consent | -an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate | 64 | |
| 6632888545 | debriefing | -the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants | 65 | |
| 6632899697 | selective attention | -involves filtering out irrelevant information around us and focusing on the things that demand our attention -cocktail party effect is an example | 66 | |
| 6632907304 | depth perception | -the visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions, coupled with the ability to gauge how far away an object is -size, and distance are ascertained through both monocular (one eye) and binocular (two eyes) cues -monocular vision is poor at determining depth -visual cliff was used to test in infants | 67 | |
| 6632923837 | perceptual adaptation | -the ability to adjust to an altered perceptual reality - in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field (as when wearing visual displacement goggles). | 68 | |
| 6632932349 | Gestalt Grouping Principles | -the gestalt principles of similarity, proximity, continuity, and common fate -the "laws" suggest how our brains prefer to group stimulus elements together to form a percept -there are five: 1. similarity 2. proximity 3. continuity 4. closure 5. connectedness | 69 | |
| 6632937655 | similarity | -gestalt principle that we tend to group similar objects | 70 | |
| 6632940701 | proximity | -gestalt principle that we tend to group objects together when they are near each other | 71 | |
| 6632942223 | continuity | -gestalt grouping principle that we tend to perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones | 72 | |
| 6632948120 | connectedness | -gestalt grouping principle that when uniform (in color or texture)objects are linked (no space exists between them) we perceive them as a single unit | 73 | |
| 6632956539 | closure | -gestalt grouping principle that we fill in "gaps" to create a full, complete object | 74 | |
| 6632965829 | figure-ground | -a gestalt perceptual phenomenon -the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings | 75 | |
| 6633000677 | grouping | -a gestalt perceptual phenomenon -the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups | 76 | |
| 6633004266 | visual capture | -a gestalt perceptual phenomenon -tendency for vision to dominate the other senses | 77 | |
| 6635018590 | Ivan Pavlov | -a Russian psychologist that developed classical conditioning theory of learning -conducted famous salivating dogs experiment to research classical conditioning | 78 | |
| 6635022614 | classical conditioning | -a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events | 79 | |
| 6635030163 | stimulus generalization | -in classical conditioning, occurs when an organism displays a conditioned response (CR) to a stimulus that is similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus (CS) | 80 | |
| 6635032388 | stimulus discrimination | -the leaned ability to distinguish between a conditioned (CS) stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | 81 | |
| 6635038945 | John Watson | -an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism -conducted an experiment with a little boy named Little Albert which dealt with classical conditioning -believed psychology should be the science of observable behavior | 82 | |
| 6635270640 | reinforcer | -something that increases the likelihood that a specific behavior or response will occur | 83 | |
| 6635279719 | partial reinforcement | -a pattern in which only a portion of all responses are reinforced -partial reinforcement is on a variable schedule whereas continuous reinforcement is on a fixed schedule | 84 | |
| 6635290954 | positive reinforcement | -occurs when a response is followed by a reward or other positive event | 85 | |
| 6635296470 | negative reinforcement | -occurs when a response is followed by an end to discomfort or by the removal of an unpleasant event | 86 | |
| 6635309782 | primary reinforcer | -reinforcer such as water, food, or sex | 87 | |
| 6635312276 | secondary reinforcer | -reinforcer whose value allows an individual to acquire other reinforcers like food and water; examples: money, credit cards | 88 | |
| 6635317338 | schedules of reinforcement | -the rule for determining when and how often reinforcers will continue -four types of schedules: fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval -interval means over a time and ratio means an act; -variable schedules are more effective in learning | 89 | |
| 6635333446 | punishment | -any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that behavior will occur | 90 | |
| 6635345615 | positive punishment | -focuses on decreasing the rate of any specific undesired behavior from an individual. -present a certain negative consequence to the individual once an undesired behavior has been exhibited -when any individual is subjected to negative consequence, the individual is less likely to repeat the same behavior in the future. | 91 | |
| 6635349656 | negative punishment | -focuses on decreasing the rate of any specific undesired behavior from an individual. -remove a certain favorite or desired item from the individual's life. -when removed the undesired behavior is exhibited, and there is less chance of the behavior occurring again in the future. | 92 | |
| 6635376855 | BF Skinner | -purposed operant conditioning -deals with operants - intentional actions that have an effect on the surrounding environment. -believed external forces controlled human behavior -Skinner box | 93 | |
| 6635400448 | over justification effect | -when an expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person's intrinsic motivation to perform a task | 94 | |
| 6635420300 | neuron | -a nerve cell -the basic building block of the nervous system | 95 | |
| 6635422127 | sensory neurons | -neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord | 96 | |
| 6635424335 | motor neurons | -neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands | 97 | |
| 6635479483 | dendrites | -the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body | 98 | |
| 6635487047 | action potential | -a neural impulse -a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon -example; flushing a toilet | 99 | |
| 6635490578 | refractory period | -a period immediately following stimulation during which a nerve or muscle is unresponsive to further stimulation -example; filling the toilet bowl up | 100 | |
| 6635503927 | resting potential | -neuron is charged but waiting for the next action potential signal -example; waiting to flush again | 101 | |
| 6635544729 | all-or-none-response | -when the depolarizing current exceeds the threshold, a neuron will fire -if the depolarizing current fails to exceed the threshold, a neuron will not fire. -intensity of an action potential remains the same throughout the length of the axon. | 102 | |
| 6635554845 | neurotransmitters | -chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons -when released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse | 103 | |
| 6635563659 | sympathetic nervous system | -the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations -triggers fight-or-flight reaction | 104 | |
| 6635565551 | parasympathetic nervous system | -the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy -calms the fight-or-flight response | 105 | |
| 6635761705 | plasticity | -concept that some of our brain will attempt to reroute itself if damaged. | 106 | |
| 6635769601 | hippocampus | -part of the limbic system; involved in memory | 107 | |
| 6635781978 | belief perseverance | -clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited | 108 | |
| 6635796847 | representativeness heuristic | -judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information | 109 | |
| 6635812530 | Stanford-Binet intelligence test | -the test reported intelligence as a calculated IQ score -developed to identify children likely to have difficulty in school | 110 |
