Terms : Hide Images
| 4216185351 | cognition | All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. | 0 | |
| 4216187949 | concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people | 1 | |
| 4216187950 | prototype | a mental image or best example of a category | 2 | |
| 4216298970 | algorithm | A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. | 3 | |
| 4216298971 | heuristic | A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. | 4 | |
| 4216298972 | insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem | 5 | |
| 4216339428 | Wolfgang Kohler | attempted to prove that animals arrive at a solution through insight rather than trial and error. | 6 | |
| 4216300148 | creativity | the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas | 7 | |
| 4216301709 | confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence | 8 | |
| 4216309106 | fixation | According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. | 9 | |
| 4216309107 | mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past | 10 | |
| 4216310731 | functional fixedness | The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving. | 11 | |
| 4216312667 | representativeness heuristic | Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information. | 12 | |
| 3990843335 | availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common | 13 | |
| 4216314459 | overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements | 14 | |
| 4216314460 | belief perserveance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited | 15 | |
| 4216315663 | intuition | an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning | 16 | |
| 4216315664 | framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. | 17 | |
| 4216317764 | language | Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. | 18 | |
| 4216317765 | phoneme | in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit | 19 | |
| 4216318847 | morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix) | 20 | |
| 4216318848 | grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others | 21 | |
| 4216318849 | semantics | The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning. | 22 | |
| 4216318870 | syntax | The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language. | 23 | |
| 4216320919 | babbling stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language | 24 | |
| 4216320920 | productive language | ability to produce words | 25 | |
| 4216321994 | receptive language | ability to understand what is being said | 26 | |
| 4216324368 | one-word stage | the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words | 27 | |
| 4216324369 | two-word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements | 28 | |
| 4216324370 | telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words | 29 | |
| 4216326766 | linguistic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think | 30 | |
| 4216344983 | Benjamin Whorf | coined the termonlogy linguistic determination - language determines the way we think | 31 | |
| 4216328195 | overgeneralization | applying grammar rules in areas they don't apply ("I writed a story"; goed; comed) | 32 | |
| 4216349729 | nativist theory of language aquisition | Chompsky's idea that language is developed through innate biological mechanisms; emphasizes that humans have a language acquisition device system | 33 | |
| 4216353578 | language acquisition device | Chomsky's concept of an innate, prewired mechanism in the brain that allows children to acquire language naturally | 34 | |
| 4216356132 | Noam Chompsky | Developed the nativist theory of language acquisition | 35 | |
| 4216333886 | intelligence test | a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores. | 36 | |
| 4216333887 | intelligence | Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. | 37 | |
| 4216335297 | general intelligence | a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test. | 38 | |
| 4216335298 | factor analysis | A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score. a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score. | 39 | |
| 4216337519 | savant syndrome | a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing. | 40 | |
| 4216365500 | Charles Spearman | found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability) | 41 | |
| 4216367596 | Howard Gardner | devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic | 42 | |
| 4216368655 | multiple intelligences | developed by Howard Gardner included: mathematical/logical linguistic musical interpersonal intrapersonal spatial kinesthetic naturalist | 43 | |
| 4216383522 | Robert Sternberg's 3 intelligences | analytical, creative, practical | 44 | |
| 4216387081 | mental age | a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance | 45 | |
| 4216387082 | Alfred Binet | pioneer in intelligence (IQ) tests, designed a test to identify slow learners in need of help (French) | 46 | |
| 4216391147 | Lewis Terman | revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children (Stanford-Binet Test) tested group of young geniuses and followed in a longitudinal study that lasted beyond his own lifetime | 47 | |
| 4216397510 | Stanford-Binet | the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test | 48 | |
| 4216397528 | intelligence quotient (IQ) | defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ=ma/ca x 100). On contemporary intelligence test, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100. | 49 | |
| 4216520571 | Flynn effect | The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations | 50 | |
| 4216399130 | achievement tests | tests designed to assess what a person has learned. | 51 | |
| 4216399131 | aptitude tests | tests designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn | 52 | |
| 4216401650 | Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) | the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests | 53 | |
| 4216405151 | Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) | an intelligence test for children between the ages of 6 and 16 inclusive that can be completed without reading or writing | 54 | |
| 4216414223 | Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) | Individual intelligence test for children ages 2 1/2 to 7 that yields verbal and performance scores as well as a combined score | 55 | |
| 4216424334 | standardization | defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group | 56 | |
| 4216424335 | normal curve | the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes. | 57 | |
| 4216426362 | reliability | The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting | 58 | |
| 4216426363 | validity | The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. | 59 | |
| 4216426364 | content validity | the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest | 60 | |
| 4216427714 | predictive validity | The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. | 61 | |
| 4216431140 | intellectual disability | (formerly referred to as mental retardation) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound. | 62 | |
| 4216431141 | Down syndrome | a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. | 63 | |
| 4216438411 | stereotype threat | a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype | 64 | |
| 4216438412 | measures of central tendency | mean, median, mode | 65 | |
| 4216440218 | mean | The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores. Sensitive to extreme scores. Should NOT be focused on in a skewed distribution | 66 | |
| 4216440219 | median | The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it. Better stat to look at if there is a skewed distribution | 67 | |
| 4216440220 | mode | The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set. | 68 | |
| 4216440221 | range | The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. | 69 | |
| 4216441188 | standard deviation | A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. |  | 70 |
| 4216441965 | statistical significance | a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance | 71 | |
| 4231489338 | positively skewed | When a distribution includes an extreme score that is very high Better to use median rather than mean |  | 72 |
| 4231494187 | negatively skewed | when a distribution has an extreme score that is very low Better to use median rather than mean |  | 73 |
