Terms : Hide Images
| 5642881669 | Great Famine | A terrible natural disaster in 1315-1322 that hit much of Europe after a period of climate change. | 0 | |
| 5642888430 | Black Death | Plague that first struck Europe in 1347 and killed perhaps one-third of the population. | 1 | |
| 5642896791 | flagellants | People who believed that the plague was God's punishment for sin and sought to do penance by whipping themselves. | 2 | |
| 5642903216 | Hundred Years' War | A war between England and France from 1337 to 1453, with political and economic causes and consequences. | 3 | |
| 5642924361 | Babylonian Captivity | The period from 1309 to 1376 when the popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome. | 4 | |
| 5642929921 | Great Schism | The division, or split, in church leadership from 1378 to 1417 when there were two, then three, popes. | 5 | |
| 5642936527 | conciliarists | People who believed that the authority in the Roman Church should rest in the general council composed of clergy, theologians, and laypeople, rather than in the pope alone. | 6 | |
| 5643104931 | confraternities | Voluntary lay groups organized by occupation, devotional preference, neighborhood, or charitable activity. | 7 | |
| 5643118262 | Jacquerie | A massive uprising by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation. | 8 | |
| 5643132180 | English Peasants' Revolt | Revolt by English peasants in 1381 in response to changing economic conditions. | 9 | |
| 5643140232 | Statute of Kilkenny | Law issued in 1366 that discriminated against the Irish. | 10 | |
| 5643156115 | Renaissance | A French word meaning "rebirth," used to describe the rebirth of the culture of classical antiquity in Italy during the 14th-16th centuries. | 11 | |
| 5643167652 | patronage | Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or works in specific styles. | 12 | |
| 5643179516 | communes | Sworn associations of free men in Italian cities led by merchant guilds that sought political and economic independence from local nobles. | 13 | |
| 5643189694 | popolo | Disenfranchised common people in Italian cities who resented their exclusion from power. | 14 | |
| 5643195925 | signori | Government by one-man rule in Italian cities like Milan; also refers to these rulers. | 15 | |
| 5643204709 | courts | Magnificent households and palaces where signori and other rulers lived, conducted business, and supported the arts. | 16 | |
| 5643212965 | humanism | A program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the critical study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature. | 17 | |
| 5643232075 | virtu | The quality of being able to shape the world according to one's own will. | 18 | |
| 5643238347 | Christian humanists | Northern humanists who interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiquity and humanism in terms of their own religious traditions. | 19 | |
| 5643259981 | New Christians | A term for Jews and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula who accepted Christianity | 20 | |
| 5643269639 | anticlericalism | Opposition to the clergy. | 21 | |
| 5643273805 | indulgence | A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins. | 22 | |
| 5643282618 | Protestant | The name originally given to followers of Luther, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups. | 23 | |
| 5643291916 | Spanish Armada | The fleet sent by Philip II of Spain in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against Protestantism. Weather and the English fleet defeated it. | 24 | |
| 5643303734 | The Institutes of the Christian Religion | John Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became systematic theology for Protestantism. | 25 | |
| 5643310461 | predestination | The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works. | 26 | |
| 5643320195 | Holy Office | The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy. | 27 | |
| 5643327472 | Jesuits | Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith. | 28 | |
| 5643338364 | Huguenots | French Calvinists. | 29 | |
| 5643341117 | politiques | Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse. | 30 | |
| 5643347833 | Edict of Nantes | A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France. | 31 | |
| 5643356177 | Union of Utrecht | The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands. | 32 |
