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| 5298788304 | natural philosophy | The study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned. | 0 | |
| 5298799232 | Copernican hypothesis | The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe. | 1 | |
| 5298803647 | experimental method | The approach, pioneered by Galileo, that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through repeatable experiments, rather than speculation. | 2 | |
| 5298810701 | law of inertia | A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object. | 3 | |
| 5298816638 | law of universal gravitation | Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another | 4 | |
| 5298820228 | empiricism | A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reasoning and speculation. | 5 | |
| 5298824807 | Cartesian dualism | Descartes' view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter. | 6 | |
| 5298829482 | Enlightenment | The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress. | 7 | |
| 5298836412 | rationalism | A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason. | 8 | |
| 5298854320 | philosophes | A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment. | 9 | |
| 5298860028 | reading revolution | The transition in European society from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. | 10 | |
| 5298867535 | salon | Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisians in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy. | 11 | |
| 5298873848 | rococo | A popular style in Europe in the 18th century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers. | 12 | |
| 5299135193 | public sphere | An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues. | 13 | |
| 5299152828 | enlightened absolutism | Describes the rule of 18th century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance. | 14 | |
| 5299170406 | Haskalah | The Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the 18th century, led by Moses Mendelssohn. | 15 | |
| 5299193224 | enclosure | The movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming and pasture. | 16 | |
| 5299213028 | proletarianization | The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners. | 17 | |
| 5299223924 | cottage industry | A stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market. | 18 | |
| 5299237078 | putting-out system | 18th century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant. | 19 | |
| 5299913523 | industrious revolution | The shift that occurred as families in NW Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption | 20 | |
| 5299917056 | guild system | The organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers. | 21 | |
| 5299924308 | economic liberalism | A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor. | 22 | |
| 5299930344 | Navigation Acts | A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies. | 23 | |
| 5299931515 | debt peonage | A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and money. | 24 | |
| 5299937636 | Atlantic slave trade | The forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic for slave labor on plantations and in other industries. | 25 | |
| 5299942564 | community controls | A pattern of cooperation and common action in a traditional village that sought to uphold the economic, social, and moral stability of the community. | 26 | |
| 5299945748 | charivari | Degrading public rituals used by village communities to police personal behavior and maintain moral standards. | 27 | |
| 5299947416 | illegitimacy explosion | The sharp increase in out-of-wedlock births that occurred in Europe between 1750-1850, caused by low wages and the breakdown of community controls. | 28 | |
| 5299951019 | wet-nursing | A widespread and flourishing business in the 18th century in which women were paid to breastfeed other women's babies. | 29 | |
| 5299954081 | blood sports | Events like bullbaiting and cockfighting that involved inflicting violence and bloodshed on animals and were popular with the masses. | 30 | |
| 5299957525 | carnival | The few days of celebration in Catholic countries leading up to Lent that include drinking, masquerading, dancing, and rowdy spectacles that upset the established order. | 31 | |
| 5299961289 | just price | The idea that prices should be fair, protecting both consumers and producers, and that they should be imposed by government decree if necessary. | 32 | |
| 5299964024 | consumer revolution | The wide-ranging growth in consumption and new attitudes toward consumer goods that emerged in the cities of NW Europe in the second half of the 18th century. | 33 | |
| 5299967249 | Pietism | A Protestant revival movement in 18th century Germany and Scandinavia that emphasized a warm and emotional religion, the priesthood of all believers, and the power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs. | 34 | |
| 5299973607 | Methodists | Members of a Protestant revival movement started by John Wesley, so called because they were so methodical in their devotion. | 35 | |
| 5299979094 | Jansenism | A sect of Catholicism originating with Cornelius Jansen that emphasized the heavy weight of original sin and accepted the doctrine of predestination. | 36 |
