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| 785732734 | Roanoke | the first attempt to colonize in America by the English; it failed | |
| 785732736 | joint-stock company | a business in which investors pool their wealth for a common purpose, then share the profits | |
| 785732738 | Jamestown | 1607, first permanent settlement in America; saved by John Smith, Lord del la War, and John Rolfe | |
| 785732740 | Maryland colony | established as a safe haven for Catholics; Maryland Act of Toleration said any Christian could settle within the colony despite religious beliefs | |
| 785732742 | Georgia colony | created by Oglethorpe; debtor's prison, didn't establish slavery at first, created a buffer zone between the English and the Spanish | |
| 785732744 | Pennsylvania colony | William Penn the Quaker (Society of Friends); holy experiment, had the most democratic government (everyone got to vote) | |
| 785732746 | New England colonies | Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maryland, Vermont | |
| 785732748 | Plymouth colony | 1620, first established independent colony; started by the English Separatists (Pilgrims), The Mayflower Compact (idea of majority rules); all male church members could vote | |
| 785732749 | Massachusetts Bay Experiment | 1630, established by Puritan John Winthrop, organized a mass exodus of 80000 Puritans, "a city upon a hill" (create a Puritan utopia); intolerant theocracy | |
| 785732750 | Connecticut colony | established by Thomas Hooker, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (first written constitution) | |
| 785732751 | Rhode Island colony | established by Roger Williams; "separation of church and state"; very tolerant of other faiths | |
| 785732752 | Anne Hutchinson | challenged Puritan beliefs, said she was receiving revelations from God, said church leaders were not elect, believed in different roles for women | |
| 785732753 | Salem Witch Trials | 1691, brought an end to Puritan theocracy | |
| 785732754 | Bacon's Rebellion | fights arose between local whites and the Indians; it was a military challenge to the colonial government; revealed instability in the colony | |
| 785732755 | The Great Awakening | began in the 1730s, concerns about declining piety and growing secularism; brought a new spirit of religious fervor and appealed to women; "New Lights" and "Old Lights" | |
| 785732756 | Triangular Trade | fueled the colonial American economy; complex system of trade between countries; "middle passage" (journey of slaves from their homeland to the West Indies), merchant class emerged | |
| 785732757 | Shay's Rebellion | Daniel Shay and his followers tried to shut down the courthouses and seize weapons from the arsenal; it was the true indication that the Articles of Confederation would not work because the government could not enforce laws | |
| 785732758 | mercantilism | colonies exist for the mother country and provide the mother country with resources so it could become self-sufficient and increase their value and wealth at the expense of the colonies | |
| 785732759 | French and Indian War | the British and the French had conflicting land claims and both wanted the economic riches (fur trade) of the Ohio Valley; aka Seven Years' War | |
| 785732760 | Albany Plan | written by Ben Franklin; believed the colonies had to unite for a collective defense, but it was rejected by the colonists | |
| 785732761 | Treaty of Paris | 1763, England now dominated N. America, huge debt, colonists became united and learned how different they were from Britain | |
| 785732762 | Proclamation of 1763 | issued by King George III, said colonists could not enter the Ohio Valley, colonists became angry with the King, ended the period of salutary neglect | |
| 785732763 | Stamp Act | 1765, first direct tax on the American colonies, purpose was the pay for British troops, very unpopular and led to the Stamp Act Congress (delegates discussed organization of boycotts) | |
| 785732764 | Declaratory Act | passed after the Stamp Act had been repealed, said that Parliament could legislate for colonies in all cases | |
| 785732765 | Virginia Resolves | written by Patrick Henry, said Stamp Act was illegal because colonies only had virtual instead of direct representation | |
| 785732766 | Tea Act | 1773, gave a monopoly to the British East Indian Company on the selling of tea, led to the Boston Tea Party which was conducted by the Sons of Liberty | |
| 785732767 | Sons of Liberty | a group of young men who opposed the Stamp Act, Samuel Adams was the leader, responsible for dumping tea into the Boston Harbor in the Boston Tea Party | |
| 785732768 | Intolerable/Coercive Act | passed by Parliament as a way to punish the colonies after the Boston Tea Party, led colonists to gather at the First Continental Congress | |
| 785732769 | First Continental Congress | purpose was to discuss a unified colonial reaction to the Intolerable Acts, decided to use force to resist the Intolerable Acts | |
| 785732770 | Battle of Lexington and Concord | "shot heard around the world", Minutemen | |
| 785732771 | Battle of Bunker Hill | significant because the British had suffered extreme losses and it led to a morale boost for the colonists because they proved they could fight | |
| 785732772 | Olive Branch Petition | last desperate appeal for peace, King rejected it | |
| 785732773 | Second Continental Congress | created an army that represented the 13 colonies (Continental Army led by Washington) | |
| 785732774 | Battle of Trenton | successful surprise attack on the German Hessians, the Americans picked up a lot of supplies | |
| 785732775 | Battle of Saratoga | major turning point of the Revolutionary War, Americans have a European-like victory and the colonies gain support from France | |
| 785732776 | Treaty of Paris | all land east of the Mississippi is given to the Americans | |
| 785732777 | Articles of Confederation | no taxing power, no control of trade, no power to enforce laws, no executive or judiciary, no currency controls; united the US in name, negotiated successful Treaty of Paris, *Northwest Ordinance | |
| 785732778 | Northwest Ordinance | greatest achievement under the Articles of Confederation, first guarantee of freedom of religion, writ of habeus corpus, grid (public schools in each section), first prohibition of slavery | |
| 785870078 | Whiskey Rebellion | whiskey makers were upset with high taxes so they proposed they'd secede from the US or join the Spanish; Hamilton led an army and easily won them; demonstrated the new government under the Constitution could handle things | |
| 785870079 | George Washington | served from 1787-1796, created the Presidential cabinet, Judiciary Act of 1789 (created judicial branch), warned against factions and entangling alliances with foreign powers | |
| 785870080 | John Adams | 1796-1800, presided over a divided government, led the US in the Quasi War with France, passed the Alien and Sedition Acts, and the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | |
| 785870081 | Federalist Era | began in 1789 when Washington became President and ended when John Adams lost to Jefferson (Republican) in 1800, Federalist controlled the government the entire time | |
| 785870082 | XYZ Affair | a message sent out by John Adams to Congress denouncing the insults of the French calling them Messengers X, Y, and Z; led the US and France to go to war in the Quasi War | |
| 785870083 | Alien and Sedition Acts | created new obstacles for foreigners to become US citizens and gave more power to the President | |
| 785870084 | Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions | stated that a state had the right to declare a law unconstiutional, or nullify a law, within its borders. These were written by Jefferson and Madison to resist the Alien and Sedition Acts | |
| 785870085 | The Great Compromise | aka Connecticut Plan, called for a legislature where the states would be proportionally represented in the upper house and represented by population in the lower house | |
| 785870086 | Virginia Plan | written by James Madison, argued for proportional representation, favored by large states | |
| 785870087 | New Jersey Plan | unicameral legislature, equal representation in the the houses, favored by small states |
