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| 13856180194 | Pacific Railroad Act, 1862 | Land grants; commissioned a transcontinental rail line. | 0 | |
| 13856180195 | Union Pacific Railroad | This railroad company was commissioned to build the transcontinental railroad from the east. Insiders of the Credit Mobilier reaped $23 million in profits; Indians attacked while trying to save their land. | 1 | |
| 13856180196 | Central Pacific Railroad | Backed by the Big Four, it used Chinese Workers and received the same incentives as the Union Pacific, but it had to drill through the hard rock of Sierra Nevada. | 2 | |
| 13856180197 | The Wedding of the rails | Representing the completion of transcontinental rail line in 1869 | 3 | |
| 13856180198 | The Big Four | In California, the Central Pacific Railroad was in charge of extending the railroad eastward, backed the Central Pacific Railroad. | 4 | |
| 13856180199 | James J. Hill | He created the railroad: the Great Northern. Was probably the greatest railroad builder of all. | 5 | |
| 13856180200 | The Great Northern | This railroad ran from Duluth to Seattle, created by genius architect James J. Hill | 6 | |
| 13856180201 | Cornelius Vanderbilt | Leader of old eastern railroad New York Central. | 7 | |
| 13856180202 | Time zones | Instead of each city having its own time zone, to not confuse railroad operators, four national time zones was created. | 8 | |
| 13856180203 | Stocking watering | A method of cheap moneymaking; railroad companies grossly over-inflated the worth of their stock and sold them at huge profits. | 9 | |
| 13856180204 | Jay Gould | Made millions embezzling stocks from the Erie Kansas Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the Texas and Pacific railroad companies. | 10 | |
| 13856180205 | "Pool" | A group of supposed competitors who agreed to work together, usually to set prices. | 11 | |
| 13856180206 | Wabash case (Wabash v. Illinois) 1886 | issued by Supreme Court, stopped the Grange (the Grange's purpose is to stop the railroad monopoly occurred). States could not regulate interstate commerce. | 12 | |
| 13856180207 | Interstate Commerce Act, 1887 | This act banned rebates and pools; required the railroads to publish their rates openly. | 13 | |
| 13856180208 | Interstate Commerce Commission | It was set up to enforce Interstate Commerce Act. | 14 | |
| 13856180209 | Alexander Graham Bell, 1876 | Invented the telephone. | 15 | |
| 13856180210 | Thomas A. Edison, 1879 | Perfecto of the incandescent light bulb; invented phonograph, moving pictures, mimeograph, etc. Backed by | 16 | |
| 13856180211 | Andrew Carnegie | Steel tycoon. Master of "vertical integration." Turned to philanthropy and gave huge sums to libraries and arts in his late years. | 17 | |
| 13856180212 | Vertical Integration | A business method where a corporation bought out other businesses (though not competitors) along its line of production. Example: Andrew Carnegie | 18 | |
| 13856180213 | Bessemer process | A cheaper way to make steel, boost U.S.'s steel industry. Discovered by an American, William Kelly first, but named after a British person. | 19 | |
| 13856180214 | Horizontal integration | A business method where the company bought out its competitors. Example: Rockefeller's Standard Oil | 20 | |
| 13856180215 | John D. Rockefeller | Oil tycoon. Ruthless and merciless, owned Standard Oil Company which eventually controlled at least 90% of American oil. Was a master of "horizontal integration" where he ruthlessly drove others out of business. | 21 | |
| 13856180216 | Standard Oil | owned by John D. Rockefeller | 22 | |
| 13856180217 | "Trust" | a business that essentially is a monopoly, could drive smaller businesses to the wall. | 23 | |
| 13856180218 | J. P. Morgan | Banker and financier. Orchestrated several blockbuster deals in railroads, insurance, and banking. Bought Andrew Carnegie's steel operation for $400 million to start the U.S. Steel Company. Greed, power, arrogance, and snobbery of the Gilded Age business. | 24 | |
| 13856180219 | U. S. Steel | Company owned by J.P. Morgan, started from buying Andrew Carnegie's steel operation for $400 million. | 25 | |
| 13856180220 | Gustavus F. Swift | leader of meat industry, trusts which made better products at cheaper prices. (G) | 26 | |
| 13856180221 | Philip Armour | leader of meat industry, trusts which made better products at cheaper prices. (P) | 27 | |
| 13856180222 | Gospel of Wealth | Many of the newly rich had worked from poverty to wealth; thus felt that some people in the world were destined to become rich; help society with their money. | 28 | |
| 13856180223 | Social Darwinism | Applied Charles Darwin's survival-of-the-fittest theories to business. Implied the reason that Carnegie was at the top of the steel industry. | 29 | |
| 13856180224 | William Graham Sumner | Yale professor, survival of the fittest, natural law, etc. | 30 | |
| 13856180225 | Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890 | This act forbade combinations (trusts, pools, interlocking directorates, holding companies) in restraint of trade. It was ineffective since it couldn't be enforced. | 31 | |
| 13856180226 | James Buchanan Duke and the American Tobacco Company | He was one who, when the south remained agrarian despite all the industrial advances, developed a huge cigarette industry, and made donations to a college (it is now named after him). | 32 | |
| 13856180227 | Henry W. Grady and the New South | Editor of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper, urged the South to industrialize. | 33 | |
| 13856180228 | Southern textile mills | In 1880s, there were only few industries in the South. But by the 1920s, the South had eclipsed New England in terms of yarn and cloth production. | 34 | |
| 13856180229 | Gibson Girl | created by Charles Dana Gibson, became the romantic ideal of the age: young, athletic, attractive, and outdoorsy. | 35 | |
| 13856180230 | Lockout | Employers could lock their doors against rebellious workers and then starve them into submission. | 36 | |
| 13856180231 | Yellow-dog contracts | Contracts that the workers had to sign, which banned them from joining unions. | 37 | |
| 13856180232 | National Labor Union | This union represented a giant boot stride; only lasted 6 years. Excluded Chinese; didn't welcome Blacks or women. Aim for eight-hour workday. | 38 | |
| 13856180233 | Colored National Labor Union | Excluded workers such as Chinese or Blacks established this union. | 39 | |
| 13856180234 | Knights of Labor | It is a labor union similar to National Labor Union, but only bared liquor dealers, professional gamblers, lawyers, bankers, and stockbrokers. Campaigned for economic and social reform. | 40 | |
| 13856180235 | Mother Jones | Joined Knights of Labor, was an Irish-born American schoolteacher and dressmaker who became a prominent labor and community organizer. She helped coordinate major strikes and cofounded the Industrial Workers of the World. | 41 | |
| 13856180236 | Terence Powderly | Leader of Knights of Labor; led the Knights won a number of strikes for the eight-hour day; staged a successful strike against Jay Gould's Wabash Railroad in 1885. | 42 | |
| 13856180237 | Haymarket Square bombing, 1886 | It was an explosion in Chicago during labor disorders, killed several people including police officers. | 43 | |
| 13856180238 | Gov. John P. Altgeld | German-born Democrat, elected governor of Illinois; pardoned the three survivors after studying the Haymarket Square Bombing extensively. | 44 | |
| 13856180239 | Samuel Gompers | Founder of AF of L, demanded a fairer share for labor; sought better wages, hours, and working conditions. | 45 | |
| 13856180240 | The American Federation of Labor | The AF of L united many independent small unions and worked out overall strategies. It focused only on skilled labor. Their success was only mild. | 46 | |
| 13856180241 | Railroad Strike of 1877 | This strike's failure exposed the weakness of the labor movement. Racist and ethnic fissures among workers everywhere fractured labor unity. | 47 | |
| 13856180242 | Labor Day, 1894 | Was made a legal holiday as the public started to concede the rights of workers. | 48 |
