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| 12969469435 | Statistics of Americans | - 1/7 foreign-born in 1900 - 1900-1914 - 13 million immigrants | 0 | |
| 12969469436 | Progressives | crusaders who waged war on *monopoly, corruption, inefficiency, and social justice* | 1 | |
| 12969469437 | Cause/origin of new reformist wave | Greenback Labor party and the Populists because *industrialists* made fewer and fewer have *power* | 2 | |
| 12969469438 | Progressive theorists believed | Society could *no longer* afford the luxury of *laissez-faire* policy. The *people*, through government, must substitute mastery for drift | 3 | |
| 12969469439 | Henry Demarest Lloyd | (1894) "Wealth Against Commonwealth: - wrote against *Standard Oil Company* | 4 | |
| 12969469440 | Thorstein Vablen | - (1899) "The Theory of the Leisure Class" - *attack* on the *new rich*. Viewed the leisure class engaged in making money for *money's sake* instead of making goods to satisfy *real needs* - Argued that the *social leadership* should go *from* the *useless rich to* those who are *useful* | 5 | |
| 12969469441 | Jacob A. Riis | - (1890) "How the Other Half Lives" - spoke about the horrors of the *NY slums* - *Influenced* future NYC police commissioner, *TR* | 6 | |
| 12969469442 | Theodore Dreiser | Pounded promoters and profiteers in "The Financier" (1912) and "The Titan" (1914) | 7 | |
| 12969469443 | Socialism in America | Many advocates for this were *European immigrants* inspired by the strong movement for socialism in Europe -> began to get more *strength at the ballot box* | 8 | |
| 12969469444 | Types of reformers | Social gospel, university-based economists, feminists, muckrakers, temperance, labor rights, and many more | 9 | |
| 12969469445 | Social gospel | Used *religious doctrine* to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban *poor* | 10 | |
| 12969469446 | University-based economists | Advocated for new reforms modeled on *European examples* | 11 | |
| 12969469447 | Feminists (suffrage) | *Jane Addams* in Chicago and *Lillian Wald* in NY - made women enter the *fight* to improve the lot of families *living* and *working* in the festering cities | 12 | |
| 12969469448 | 10¢ and 15¢ magazines | McClure's Cosmopolitan, Collier's, and Everybody's. Extensive research for finding things bad about business that the public loved | 13 | |
| 12969469449 | Muckrakers | Bright young *reporters* at the turn of the 20th century, term coined by *TR*, but *boosted circulations* of their magazines by writing *exposés* of widespread *corruption* in American society (business manipulation of government, white slaves, child labor, and illegal deeds of trusts). Also helped spur passage of *reform legislation* | 14 | |
| 12969469450 | Popular Muckrakers | - *Lincoln Steffens*: The Shame of the Cities - *Ida M. Tarbell*: exposé of the Standard Oil Company - *Upton Sinclair*: The Jungle - *David G. Phillips*: The Treason of the Senate | 15 | |
| 12969469451 | Social evils in the Progressive Era *and* books about them | - "White slave" traffic for women, slums, and industrial accidents - Stannard Baker's "Following the Color Line" (1908) - 9 million blacks, 90% of the South, and 1/3 illiterate - John Spargo's "The Bitter Cry of the Children" (1906) - abuses of child labor | 16 | |
| 12969469452 | Habit-forming drugs | Often sold for money, induced with alcohol. In Collier's, they exposed the medicine and were reinforced by Dr. Harvey W. Wiley | 17 | |
| 12969469453 | Significance of the muckrakers | - Symbolized much of the *nature* of the *progressive* reform movements - Long on *lamentation* but stopped *short* of *revolutionary methods* - Counted on *publicity* and *aroused public conscience* (not drastic political change) to right social wrongs - Sought to not overthrow capitalism but to *cleanse* it (Puritans vs Pilgrims anyone??) - Believed more *democracy* was the answer to solve issues | 18 | |
| 12969469454 | Most progressive reformers were | middle-class men and women | 19 | |
| 12969469455 | How progressives sought to modernize American institutions | - Use the *state* to curb monopoly power - Limit socialist threat by improving the *common person's* conditions of life and labor | 20 | |
| 12969469456 | Progressivism can be best described as | a broadly dispersed *majority mood*, not a movement | 21 | |
| 12969469457 | Objectives of Progressives | - *Regain the power* that had slipped from the hands of the *people* into those of the *"interests"* - Getting rid of *graft* (bribery, corrupt practices, etc.) - *Direction election* of US *Senators* - often heeded to the voice of *business* instead of the *people* (even referred to as the "Millionaires' Club) | 22 | |
| 12969469458 | How Progressives attempted to get power into the hands of the people | Direct election of US senators, initiative, referendum, and recall | 23 | |
| 12969469459 | Initiative | A Progressive reform measure allowing *voters* to *petition* to have a law placed on the *general ballot* | 24 | |
| 12969469460 | Referendum | Progressive reform procedure allowing *voters* to place a *bill* on the ballot for *final approval* even after being passed by the *legislature* | 25 | |
| 12969469461 | Recall | Enabled the voters to *remove* corrupted elected *officials* | 26 | |
| 12969469462 | Significance of initiative, referendum, and recall | Brought *democracy* to the people and helped foster a *shift* towards *interest-group* politics and away from old political machines | 27 | |
| 12969469463 | How Progressives aimed to get rid of graft | - *Limited the amount of money* a candidate could spend on their election *campaign* - Australian ballot | 28 | |
| 12969469464 | Australian ballot | A system developed in Australia in 1850 that allows voters *privacy* in marking their *ballot choices*. Counteracted boss rule (can't bribe if they don't know who they're voting for) | 29 | |
| 12969469465 | 17th Amendment | *Direct election of senators*. Many Senators liked existing methods, and *local legislatures* found it wise to give the vote to the *people* | 30 | |
| 12969469466 | Women suffrage support | - *Political reformers* believed the women's vote would elevate the *political tone* - *Anti-Saloons* felt they could rely on support of enfranchised females | 31 | |
| 12969469467 | Women's suffrage gradually began especially in: | Western states | 32 | |
| 12969469468 | Urban Progressive reforms | - Frustrated by *inefficiency* and *corruption* of city government — looked to *Galveston, TX* as an example (expert-staffed commissions to manage urban affairs) - Often favored *efficiency* over *democracy* - City-manager systems | 33 | |
| 12969469469 | City-manager systems | take politics out of municipal administration | 34 | |
| 12969469470 | Urban reformers | - Attacked slumlords, juvenile delinquency, and wide-open prostitution in red-light districts - Looked to English and German cities | 35 | |
| 12969469471 | Robert M. La Follette | Most militant of progressive *Republican* leaders. Became the governor of WI in 1901. - Tackled *RR* and *lumber* "interests" - *Regulated* public utilities and *inspired* other states to *follow* - Gave the power from the *business -> people* | 36 | |
| 12969469472 | Hiram W. Johnson | *Republican* governor in 1910, broke the dominant grip of the *Southern Pacific Railroad* on California politics and set up a *political machine* of his own | 37 | |
| 12969469473 | Charles Evans Hughes | *Republican* governor of NY; *investigator* of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and the coal trust | 38 | |
| 12969469474 | Settlement houses — significance | Offered *door* to public life - showed *issues* of America's cities and gave women *skills/confidence* to attack them | 39 | |
| 12969469475 | Literary clubs | Educated women met to improve literary knowledge -> went to *social issues* instead of literature | 40 | |
| 12969469476 | "Separate spheres" | - *Women*'s place was in the *home*, *Republican Motherhood* - Women viewed being involved in *issues* was an *extension of their motherly role* (protecting children from labor issues, health problems, etc.) | 41 | |
| 12969469477 | The most successful reform of the Progressive Era was | child labor reform | 42 | |
| 12969469478 | Florence Kelley | Illinois' first chief *factory inspector*, one of the nation's leading advocates for *improved factory conditions*. Also took control of the *National Consumers League* | 43 | |
| 12969469479 | National Consumers League | Mobilized female consumers to pressure for laws safeguarding women and children in the workplace | 44 | |
| 12969469480 | Muller v. Oregon | (1908) *Louis D. Brandeis* persuaded the SC to accept the constitutionality of the laws *protecting women workers* by presenting evidence of the *harmful effects* of factory labor on women's *weaker bodies*; restricted women to 10-hour work day | 45 | |
| 12969469481 | At the time, protecting ___________ rather than __________ was more common and similar to __________ | women and children —— granting benefits to everyone —— Western Europe | 46 | |
| 12969469482 | Lochner v. New York | (1905) Semi-setback for reformers, the SC *invalidated* a NY law *establishing a 10-hour work day* for bakers | 47 | |
| 12969469483 | Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911) | Locked doors and *fire code violations* made the factory a death trap. 146 workers, mostly *young immigrant women*, incinerated or leapt to their death from 8 or 9 stories | 48 | |
| 12969469484 | Results of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire | - NY had much *stronger laws* regulating hours and conditions - 30 other states by 1917 put workers' compensation in the books (*insurance*) - Progressively changed from dog-eat-dog world to *employer's responsibility* | 49 | |
| 12969469485 | Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) | Founded by *Frances E. Willard*, largest organization of women in the world | 50 | |
| 12969469486 | "Dry" laws | Controlled, restricted, or abolished alcohol | 51 | |
| 12969469487 | Major centers for alcohol products and why | *Big cities*. Large *immigrant* vote; Old World had free-flowing alcohol | 52 | |
| 12969469488 | The temperance movements resulted in tensions between: | Nativists and immigrants | 53 | |
| 12969469489 | "Square Deal" and TR's three C's | - *Control* of corporations - *Consumer* protection - *Conservation* of natural resources | 54 | |
| 12969469490 | Anthracite Coal Mines in PA | - 140k workers demanded 20% increase in pay and 9-hour workday - *Unsympathetic mine owners*, George F. Baer also unsympathetic - Coal *supplies dwindled* -> factories, schools, and hospitals had to shut down because of the lack of heat -- - *TR* brandished the Big Stick -> threatened to *seize the mines* and use *federal troops* - Owners *arbitrated* -> 10% pay boost and working day of 9 hours | 55 | |
| 12969469491 | Department of Commerce and Labor | Settle disputes between owners and workers | 56 | |
| 12969469492 | Bureau of Corporations | Probe business engaged in *interstate commerce*; useful in *breaking* stranglehold of *monopoly* and allowing *"trust-busting"* | 57 | |
| 12969469493 | Elkins Act | (1903) Law passed by Congress to *impose penalties* on *RRs* that offered *rebates* and customers who *accepted them*. Strengthened the ICA of 1887 | 58 | |
| 12969469494 | Hepburn Act | (1906) *Restricted free passes* and also strengthened the ICC (now included express, sleeping-car, and pipeline companies) | 59 | |
| 12969469495 | TR's actions against trusts | - Believed there were *good* and *bad* trusts - *Didn't* want to completely *destroy* all big business |  | 60 |
| 12969469496 | Northern Securities Company | - *Railroad* holding by JP Morgan and James Hill, wanted a *monopoly* of *NW RRs* - 1904 - Company appealed to *SC*, ordered it to be dissolved -> *Upset* Wall street and *big business* but gave TR reputation as a *trust-smasher* | 61 | |
| 12969469497 | Beef Trust Cases | SC declared beef trust *illegal*, monopolists controlling sugar, fertilizer, harvesters, and other key products *suffered* | 62 | |
| 12969469498 | Roosevelt's real purpose of in getting rid of big business | To prove conclusively that the *government*, not private business, *ruled the country.* Believed in *regulating*, not fragmenting, the big business | 63 | |
| 12969469499 | Big business at the end of TR's reign | "healthier" but more "tame" — even gave JP Morgan blessing with US Steel to absorb TN Coal and Iron Company | 64 | |
| 12969469500 | Meat companies in Europe | shut out because of unsanitary meat sold | 65 | |
| 12969469501 | Upton Sinclair and The Jungle (1906) | Described the *grotesqueness* of Chicago's *slaughterhouses*. Moved readers and even *TR* to appoint an investigating commission | 66 | |
| 12969469502 | Meat Inspection Act | (1906) The *preparation* of meat shipped over *state lines* would be subject to federal inspection, regardless of packaging. *Larger companies* saw it as a way to put *smaller competitors out of business* | 67 | |
| 12969469503 | Pure Food and Drug Act | (1906) Designed to *prevent* the *mislabeling* of food and pharmaceuticals | 68 | |
| 12969469504 | Desert Land Act | (1877) Fed govt *sold arid land cheaply* on the condition that the purchaser *irrigate* the thirsty soil within *three years* | 69 | |
| 12969469505 | Forest Reserve Act | (1891) *Authorized* the president to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves | 70 | |
| 12969469506 | Carey Act | (1894) *Distributed* federal land to the states on the condition that it be *irrigated* and *settled* | 71 | |
| 12969469507 | Newlands Act | (1902) Fed govt was *authorized* to *collect money* from the *sale of public lands* in the western states and then use the funds for the *development* of *irrigation* projects | 72 | |
| 12969469508 | Roosevelt Dam | Arizona Salt River, dedicated to TR in 1911. Resulted in *more dams* in all major western rivers in *upcoming decades* | 73 | |
| 12969469509 | TR's nature conservation | Set aside 125 million acres for *federal reserves*. Designated millions of acres of coal deposits and water resources for irrigation and power | 74 | |
| 12969469510 | Cause of TR's conservation | - His outdoorsman persona - Upwelling *national mood* of concern about the disappearance of the *frontier* - Jack London's Call of the Wild (1903) and other books of nature made the Boy Scouts of America the country's largest youth organization | 75 | |
| 12969469511 | Roosevelt's most enduring achievement was: | *preserving* or *conserving* land (IMPORTANT!!) | 76 | |
| 12969469512 | Ways people conserved nature | - Middle-class club-women raised money for *nature preserves* and organized the *Massachusetts Audubon Society* (save birds by banning the use of plumes to hats) - Sierra Club - preserve wilderness of western landscape | 77 | |
| 12969469513 | Hetch Hetchy Valley | Government *allowed* San Fran to *build a dam* here in 1913. *Blow to the preservationists*, who wished to project the Yosemite National Park, location of the dam | 78 | |
| 12969469514 | Opponents and proponents of the Hetch Hetchy Valley Dam | Opponents: "temple" of nature that should be preserved. Proponents: Should use nature's resources wisely (TR and Gifford Pinchot) | 79 | |
| 12969469515 | "Multiple-use resource management" | *Combined* recreation, sustained-yield logging, watershed protection, and summer stock grazing on the *same expanse* of federal *land* | 80 | |
| 12969469516 | Business influence/characteristics in the West | - *Large companies* found ways to work with the federal conservation programs - *Individuals and single-person* enterprises had minimal influence and were set aside in favor of efficiency | 81 | |
| 12969469517 | Roosevelt in the 1904 election | - Easily elected president in 1904, yet *Republican bosses* found him unpredictable - Blunder: announced he would *never run* a *third term* - Platform was stronger *regulation* of *corporations*, *taxing incomes, and protecting workers* | 82 | |
| 12969469518 | "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907 / Panic of 1907 | - Financial world *blamed TR* for causing it, TR lashed back - Paved way for fiscal reforms - Aldrich-Vreeland Act | 83 | |
| 12969469519 | Fiscal reforms in the panic of 1907 | - Banks unable to increase volume of money in circulation - Those with ample reserves reluctant to lend to their competitors | 84 | |
| 12969469520 | Aldrich-Vreeland Act | *Authorized national banks* to issue *emergency currency* backed by various kinds of collateral. Paved way for the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. In theory, more people could have $, spend it, and help out the economy | 85 | |
| 12969469521 | Election of 1908 | - Boring. - Roosevelt hand-picks for Taft - 421k votes for Eugene V. Debs (Socialism) | 86 | |
| 12969469522 | TR's presidency charas | - Political lightning rod to *protect capitalists* against popular resentment and socialism - *Middle road* between unbridled individualism and paternalistic collectivism | 87 | |
| 12969469523 | Lasting achievements of TR's presidency | - Most lasting achievement: *Conservation crusade* (conservationists of wilderness and resource predators) - *Enlarged power* and prestige of presidential office - Helped shape the *progressive movement* and reform campaigns later in the century - Square Deal - grandfather of the New Deal - Opened the eyes of Americans to the fact that they *shared the world* with other nations | 88 | |
| 12969469524 | T/F: Roosevelt busted more trusts than Taft | False, Taft busted almost two times as many trusts | 89 | |
| 12969469525 | William Howard Taft, the other bull-necked president | - Reputation as lawyer and judge, regarded as hostile to labor unions, trusted administrator under TR - Suffered from *political handicaps*: didn't have the charisma of TR, *passive* towards Congress, and *poor judge* of public *opinion* - Cabinet didn't contain any of the insurgent wing on fire for current issues (tariff) | 90 | |
| 12969469526 | Dollar diplomacy | Name applied by Taft's critics to the *policy* of *supporting US investments* and *political interests* abroad. First applied to the financing of the railways in China after 1909, the policy then spread to Haiti, Honduras, and Nicaragua -- In other words: Wall Street bankers encouraged to invest in areas of strategic concern to the US. Helped other countries while made $$ for the US | 91 | |
| 12969469527 | The government often encouraged bankers to: | invest their money in foreign places -> strengthened American defenses and foreign policies | 92 | |
| 12969469528 | Manchuria | - *Object* of Taft's effort to inject the dollar into the *Far East* - *Japan* and *Russia* controlled the *RRs* here - Saw *Chinese economic interests* and a slamming of the *Open Door* in the faces of US merchants | 93 | |
| 12969469529 | Philander C. Knox | - Proposed that a group of American and foreign bankers buy the *Manchurian RRs* and turn them over to *China* under a self-liquidating arrangement - *Japan and Russia rejected* -> Taft ridiculed | 94 | |
| 12969469530 | Caribbean involvement | Washington encouraged Wall Street bankers to *pump money* into Honduras and Haiti to *keep out foreign funds*. Couldn't allow other countries to *invade* under the Monroe Doctrine | 95 | |
| 12969469531 | American forces in the Caribbean | Disorders in Cuba, Honduras, and the Dominican Republic made *marines* be *deployed* there | 96 | |
| 12969469532 | Taft the Trustbuster | - *Brought more suits against trusts than TR did* - 1911 - SC demanded the dissolution of the Standard Oil Company (violated Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890) -> rule of reason - Taft decided to press an antitrust suit against US Steel Corporation -> upset Roosevelt | 97 | |
| 12969469533 | "Rule of reason" | Only those combinations that "unreasonably" restrained trade were illegal | 98 | |
| 12969469534 | Bureau of Mines | Controlled the mineral resources, attempt at conservation by Taft | 99 | |
| 12969469535 | Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger | - *Opened public lands* in WY, MT, and AK to *corporate development* - Criticized by Gifford Pinchot | 100 | |
| 12969469536 | New Nationalism | Speech by Roosevelt in NY, urged the *national government* to increase its power to remedy *economic* and *social* abuses | 101 | |
| 12969469537 | Election of 1912 | Republicans lost the election because of *internal divisions*, and Victor L. Berger elected (socialist) | 102 | |
| 12969469538 | National Progressive Republican League | Senator La Follette as the candidate — separate branch of the Republican party | 103 | |
| 12969469539 | Taft's actions that upset Roosevelt | - Taft went after "good trusts" and fired Pinchot (TR's Chief of Agriculture Department) | 104 | |
| 12969469540 | Taft-Roosevelt explosion | Roosevelt said he'd run now and is willing to accept Republican nomination -- - Republican convention — Rooseveltites about 100 short of winning the nomination, most contests settled in favor of Taft - Roosevelt adherents refused to vote, Taft triumphed | 105 | |
| 12969469541 | Result of the 1912 election for Roosevelt | Roosevelt refused to quit. Now on fire to lead a third party... | 106 | |
| 12969469542 | Taft's dollar diplomacy ultimately failed to change American foreign policy because | disorder and revolt led to US military intervention in Latin America despite massive financial aid | 107 |
