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| 12544210079 | New Jersey | - NJ bosses offered Wilson the nomination - Superb powers of leadership and eloquence made NJ look like one of the more liberal states | 0 | |
| 12544210080 | New Freedom program (definition) | Stronger *antitrust* legislation to protect small business enterprises from *monopolies*, *banking reform*, and *tariff reductions*. Took action to increase opportunities for capitalist *competition* rather than increasing government regulation of large trusts | 1 | |
| 12544210081 | Pro-Roosevelt Progressive convention | - 2k delegates from 40 states, symbolized the rising *political status* of *women* and support for *social justice* - Felt "as strong as a bull moose" | 2 | |
| 12544210082 | The _________ virtually guaranteed a Democrat victory | Roosevelt/Taft dispute | 3 | |
| 12544210083 | New Nationalism vs New Freedom - similarities | Both favored a more *active government role* in economic and social *affairs* | 4 | |
| 12544210084 | Roosevelt's New Nationalism vs Wilson's New Freedom - differences | - TR believed in continued *consolidation* of *trusts* and *labor unions* paralleled by the *growth* of powerful *regulatory* agencies in Washington, *woman suffrage*, as well as social welfare* (minimum wage and socialistic social insurance) - Wilson favored *small enterprise*, entrepreneurship, and the free functioning of *unregulated* and *non-monopolized* markets. Shunned social-welfare proposals and pinned economic faith on *competition*. Fragmentation of the big industrial combines by vigorous enforcement of *antitrust* laws | 5 | |
| 12544210085 | 1912 election - events, significance, etc. | - Offered voters a choice of *policies* and *political/economic philosophies* — rare - Heat of the campaign cooled when TR was *shot* and suspended active campaigning for 2 weeks but went to his speech anyway - William Jennings Bryan sided with Wilson | 6 | |
| 12544210086 | Progressive party's future | - Elected *few candidates* to *state* and *local* offices - No *patronage* → less supporters - Helped spur the enactment of many of their pet reforms by the Wilsonian Democrats | 7 | |
| 12544210087 | Result of the 1912 election | - Wilson was a *minority president* - Republicans put into minority status in Congress for 6 years and out of the WH for 8 - Taft became chief justice of the SC in 1921 | 8 | |
| 12544210088 | ________ was the 2nd Democratic president since 1861 and the first man from a seceded southern state to reach the White House since Zachary Taylor | Woodrow Wilson | 9 | |
| 12544210089 | Characteristics of Woodrow Wilson | - *Sympathized* with the Confederacy's attempts to gain independence - *Self-determination* (Jeffersonian democracy) - Sincerity and *moral* appeal - President should play a *dynamic role* — Congress could not function unless the president got out in front and provided *leadership* - Idealism - Stubborn (would break before he would bend, unlike TR) | 10 | |
| 12544210090 | Triple wall of privilege | What Wilson referred to as the tariff, the banks, and the trusts | 11 | |
| 12544210091 | Underwood Tariff | Substantial *reduction of rates* and enacted an unprecedented federal *income tax*. By 1917, the revenue from the income tax surpassed recipients from the tariff, a gap that has since been vastly widened. -- Went in front of Congress to present his idea instead of having a clerk do it | 12 | |
| 12544210092 | Banking and currency problems | - Outgrown by the Republic's *economic expansion* - Financial structure under the Civil War National Banking Act revealed *defects* - Panic of 1907 - inelasticity of currency - Banking *reserves concentrated* in NY and other *big cities* — could not be mobilized in times of financial stress | 13 | |
| 12544210093 | Republican senator Aldrich | Congress authorized *investigation* headed by him — special commission recommended a gigantic bank with numerous branches (*3rd Bank of US*) | 14 | |
| 12544210094 | Arsene Pujo (Pujo Committee) | House committee *traced* the *rich* and went into the *secrets* of American *banking* and *business* | 15 | |
| 12544210095 | Louis D. Brandeis | Wrote Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use it (1914) - fanned the flames of reform | 16 | |
| 12544210096 | *Federal Reserve Act (IMPORTANT!)* | - *Wilson* went to Congress again and wanted a *decentralized bank* in government hands as *opposed to* Republican demands for a *huge private bank* with 15 branches -- Definition: Act establishing *12* regional *Federal Reserve Banks* and a *Federal Reserve board*, appointed by the president, to *regulate banking* and *create stability* on a national scale in the unpredictable banking sector (*carried the nation through the financial crises of WWI*) - Board also issued "Federal Reserve Notes" backed by commercial paper (amount in circulation could be increased as needed) | 17 | |
| 12544210097 | Federal Trade Commission Act | (1914) Empowered a presidentially appointed *commission* to search for industries engaged in *interstate commerce* (meat-packers). *Commissioners* expected to crush the monopoly at the source by rooting out *unfair trade practices* (unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, and bribery) | 18 | |
| 12544210098 | Clayton Antitrust Act | (1914) Lengthened the *Sherman Act's* list of business *practices* that were deemed objectionable (price discrimination and interlocking directorates). Also sought to *exempt labor* and agricultural organizations from *antitrust prosecution* while explicitly legalizing strikes and peaceful picketing. Was not unintentionally used against labor -- Clamped down on *Holding companies* | 19 | |
| 12544210099 | Holding companies | Company that owns *part* or *all* of the company's stock to extend *monopoly control*. Often doesn't exist to produce goods but to *control other companies* (CATA clamped down on these companies when they obstructed competition) | 20 | |
| 12544210100 | Danbury Hatters Case | *Striking* hat-makers were assessed triple damages of more than $250k that resulted in the loss of their savings and home | 21 | |
| 12544210101 | __________, the leader of the __________, praised the CAA | Samuel Gompers, AFL | 22 | |
| 12544210102 | Federal Farm Loan Act | (1916) Made *credit* available to *farmers* at *low* rates of *interest* (Populists!!) | 23 | |
| 12544210103 | Warehouse Act | (1916) Authorized loans on the *security* of staple *crops* (Populists!!) | 24 | |
| 12544210104 | __________ and ___________ were also among the reforms of Wilsonian Progressivism | Highway construction and establishment of agricultural extension work in state colleges | 25 | |
| 12544210105 | La Follette Seaman's Act | (1915) Required decent *treatment* and a *living wage* on American *merchant ships*. *Crippled* America's merchant *marine* (freight rates spiraled upward with the crew's wages) | 26 | |
| 12544210106 | Workingmen's Compensation Act | (1916) Granted *assistance* to *federal* civil-service *employees* during periods of *disability* | 27 | |
| 12544210107 | Keating-Owen Act (Wick's Bill) | Short-lived act *restricting child labor* on products flowing into *interstate commerce* (SC invalidated it in Hammer v. Dagenhart) | 28 | |
| 12544210108 | Adamson Act | *Established* an *8-hour* workday for all employees on *trains* in *interstate commerce* with extra pay for *overtime* | 29 | |
| 12544210109 | Limitations of Wilsonian Progressivism | - *Enmity* from *businesspeople* but became endeared to Progressives when he nominated Louis D. Brandeis - *Didn't* pass for reforms for *better treatment of blacks*; presided over accelerated *segregation* in federal bureaucracy Ex: Delegation of black leaders protested to him, so he froze them out of his office | 30 | |
| 12544210110 | 1916 election for Wilson | - Needed to identify himself clearly as the *candidate* of *progressivism* - Appeased businesspeople by making *conservative* appointments to the FRB and the FTA, but most energy was devoted to cultivating progressive support | 31 | |
| 12544210111 | Wilson's actions *against* dollar diplomacy | - In office a week so far, said the government would *no longer* offer special support to *American investors* in LA and China - American bankers *pulled out the next day* | 32 | |
| 12544210112 | Repeal of the Panama Canal Tolls Act | (1912) Exempted American coastwise shipping from tolls and provoked sharp protests from Britain | 33 | |
| 12544210113 | Jones Act (1916) | Granted to the PHL the boon of *territorial status* and promised *independence* as soon as a "*stable government*" could be established | 34 | |
| 12544210114 | California Alien Land Law of 1913 and Fortress Corregidor | 1913 - CA legislature prohibited Japanese settlers from owning land - Tokyo protested - Fortress Corregidor (PHL), American gunners were put on high alert - Wilson dispatched SoS WJB to plead with the CA legislature -> less tension | 35 | |
| 12544210115 | 1914-1915 in Haiti - assassination of Haitian president | In 1915, *Wilson* then reluctantly *dispatched marines* to protect American lives and property (remained for 19 years, made a protectorate) | 36 | |
| 12544210116 | Haitian-American Convention | Concluded a treaty with Haiti providing for US supervision of finances and the policy | 37 | |
| 12544210117 | Purchase of the Virgin Islands | 1917, US bought it from Denmark. Made the US a larger force in foreign involvement | 38 | |
| 12544210118 | Revolution in Mexico | - Revolted in 1913, *murdered* the popular president and *installed General Victoriano Huerta* (Indian) in his position - Resulted in *mass migration* to the US — often worked on highways and RRs or as fruit harvesters - Often separated into Spanish-speaking *enclaves* that made a unique borderland *culture* | 39 | |
| 12544210119 | Foreign intervention in Mexico | - *Americans wanted* intervention, but Wilson *refused* to practice *dollar diplomacy* - Wilson sent aggressive ambassador to Mexico (he refused to recognize Huerta as the govt leader) - Allowed *American arms* to flow to Huerta's principal rivals (Venustiano Carranza and Francisco Villa) | 40 | |
| 12544210120 | Tampico Incident | (1914) An *arrest* of American *sailors* by the *Mexican government* that spurred Wilson to dispatch the American *navy* to seize the port of *Veracruz* in April 1914. War was avoided (ABC powers mediated), and Huerta was put out of power (Venustiano Carranza in) - *Tensions* grew between US and MX | 41 | |
| 12544210121 | Francisco Villa ("Pancho" Villa) | - Chief rival to Venustiano Carranza (Wilson now reluctantly supported) - Hauled 16 young American mining engineers off a train and *killed* them - A month later, into Columbus, NM, and *murdered* 19 more Americans | 42 | |
| 12544210122 | General John J. Pershing ("Black Jack") | - Ordered to break up the band - Organized thousands of *troops* and *penetrated* into Mexico - Clashed with Carranza's forces and mauled the Villistas (didn't capture Villa) - Withdrawn in Jan 1917 (War with Germany) | 43 | |
| 12544210123 | Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria | 1914 - *Serb patriot Gavrilio Princip* killed the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo while eating a *sandwich* (what a classy fellow) - *Vienna govt* backed by *Germany* -> Threat to Serbia | 44 | |
| 12544210124 | European affairs after the assassination | - *Serbia* (backed by *Russia*) refused to bow down - Russia and France advanced on Germany - Germany attacked France through Belgium (neutral) - GB now involved | 45 | |
| 12544210125 | Central Powers | Germany and Austria-Hungary (later Turkey and Bulgaria) | 46 | |
| 12544210126 | Allies | France, Britain, and Russia (later Japan and Italy) | 47 | |
| 12544210127 | Wilson's proclamation of neutrality — effect on European powers | Both wanted American involvement, not neutrality - British: Close economic, cultural, and linguistic ties - Germans and Austro-Hungarians: Natural sympathies with transplanted countrymen (many immigrants) | 48 | |
| 12544210128 | Anti-German sentiment | - Kaiser Wilhelm II seemed to be the embodiment of arrogant autocracy (and the strike at *neutral Belgium*) - Tarnished the image of the Central Powers in American eyes when they went to *violence* in *American ports* and *factories* - 1915: German operative left *briefcase* on an NY elevated car, documents for *sabotage* discovered | 49 | |
| 12544210129 | Most Americans wanted to ________ WWI | stay out of | 50 | |
| 12544210130 | Financial Crisis of 1914 | - American industry onto prosperity - Financed by American bankers (JP Morgan and Company) advanced to the *Allies* $2.3 billion during American *neutrality* | 51 | |
| 12544210131 | Europe's reaction to American investment even during neutrality | - *Great Powers* protested even though it didn't violate neutrality laws - *Germany couldn't trade* because the *British blocked* them in the North Sea - Britain forced trade between US and Germany away, now only Britain | 52 | |
| 12544210132 | Announcement of the U-boat Campaign | - Berlin announced a *submarine war area* around the British Isles - Wilson warned that it would be held to *"strict accountability"* for any attacks on American vessels or citizens |  | 53 |
| 12544210133 | U-boats | German *submarines* (Unterseeboot) proved *deadly* for *Allied ships* in the war zone. U-boat attacked played an important role in *drawing* the *US* into WWI | 54 | |
| 12544210134 | Lusitania | *British passenger liner* torpedoed and sank by Germans on 7 May 1915. Killed 1,198 people, including 128 Americans, and pushed the US closer to war |  | 55 |
| 12544210135 | Wilson's actions of the Lusitania | - *Refused* to go into *war* with a *disunited country* (remembered the War of 1812) - Attempted to use *diplomatic notes* to punish the German warlords publically | 56 | |
| 12544210136 | *Arabic* British liner | Berlin reluctantly *agreed to not sink* unarmed passenger ships *without warning* | 57 | |
| 12544210137 | Aftermath of the Arabic liner | - Appeared violated when Germans torpedoed the *Sussex* - Wilson said unless they stopped sinking merchant ships without warning, he would *break* diplomatic *relations* - Agreed with a string: *US* would have to persuade the *Allies* to modify what Berlin regarded as their *illegal blockade* (which they could not do) - Wilson accepted the pledge *without the string* - Temporary victory (Germany could pul the string whenever it chose* | 58 | |
| 12544210138 | TR refused to split the Republican party again. Explain the effects of it | - Progressives and Republican admirers wanted Teddy, but the Old Guard detested him since he split the party - Drafted SC Justice Charles Evans Hughes (liberal record when governor of NY) | 59 | |
| 12544210139 | Republican platform | *Condemned* Democratic *tariff*, assaults on the trusts, and Wilson's feebleness in dealing with MX and Germany | 60 | |
| 12544210140 | Charles Evan Hughes | Went to campaigning for the *Republican* party, condemned Wilson for not standing up to the kaiser in *anti-German* areas but softer appeals in *isolationist* areas (became known as (*"Charles Evasive Hughes"*) | 61 | |
| 12544210141 | "He Kept Us Out of War" | Wilson's campaign slogan in 1916 | 62 | |
| 12544210142 | Wilson owed his votes to: | the Midwest and the West (progressive and anti-war policies) | 63 | |
| 12544210143 | Supporters of Wilson | Working class and renegade bull moosers | 64 | |
| 12544210144 | Wilson's lame-duck worry | Hughes, if victorious, would be appointed to secretary of state, Wilson and the VP would resign, and Hughes would thus succeed immediately to the presidency due to a time of great international tensions | 65 |
