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| 8285351902 | 31 Jan 1917 - German declaration | Said they'd *sink all ships* in warzone (pulled strings form Sussex, a luxury the could no longer afford) | 0 | |
| 8285351903 | Wilson _________ with Germany but refused to __________ unless ___________ started it | broke diplomatic relations — move closer to war — Germany | 1 | |
| 8285351904 | Armed American merchant ships | - *Wilson* asked Congress for it - *MW* senators tried to *stop it* - Attempt to stop showed *strength* of American *isolationism* | 2 | |
| 8285351905 | Zimmerman note | *Arthur Zimmerman*, on 1 March 1917, infuriated Americans, especially *westerners*, when he had secretly proposed a *German-Mexican alliance*, tempting anti-Yankee *Mexico* with promises of *recovering TX, NM, and AZ* | 3 | |
| 8285351906 | "Overt" acts in the Atlantic | German *U-boats* sank four unarmed American merchant *vessels* in the first two weeks of March | 4 | |
| 8285351907 | Causes of the declaration of war | - *Russia* had a *revolution* ending tsars -> America involved with the Allies - *British harassment* of American commerce and *German killing* of civilians | 5 | |
| 8285351908 | 2 Apr 1917 - Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war | - Myth later developed that they were brought into war because of the businessmen desperate to protect their profits and loans - Weapons merchants and financiers already thriving | 6 | |
| 8285351909 | Wilson's involvement in the war | - *Fearful* for the American people - Put his *leadership skills* to the test - *Respectful of American traditions* but broke one of the most sacred ones by going into war | 7 | |
| 8285351910 | Why would Americans not want to go to war? | - *Isolationism* for 1+ century - Bountiful *profits* gained through neutrality since 1914 - No fewer than 6 senators and 50 reps had voted against the war resolution | 8 | |
| 8285351911 | Jeannette Rankin | From Montana, was the first congresswoman (against war resolution) | 9 | |
| 8285351912 | Wilsonian idealism | - The goal being "*to make the world safe for democracy"* -> *America* sought only to shape an *international order* in which *democracy* could flourish without fear of autocrats and militarists, *not conquest* - Wilson strongly believed in these principles as well - No other appeal could have successfully converted the American people otherwise | 10 | |
| 8285351913 | ________ became recognized as the moral leader of the _______ cause | Wilson — Allied | 11 | |
| 8285351914 | Fourteen Points Address (definition) | 8 Jan 1918 - Primary purpose was to keep peace and prevent another world war — actually *inspired Allies* to make mightier efforts and demoralized enemy govts by holding out alluring promises to *minorities* | 12 | |
| 8285351915 | First 5 points of the Fourteen Points Address *and* who they appealed to | 1) *Abolish secret treaties* — pleased *liberals* of all countries 2) *Freedom* of the *seas* — appealed to the *Germans* and *Americans* who distrusted British sea power 3) *Removal* of *economic barriers* among nations — long goal of *liberal nationalists* everywhere (opposite of Embargo?) 4) *Reduction* of *armament* burdens — gratifying to *taxpayers* in all countries 5) *Adjustment* of *colonial claims* in the interests of *native peoples* and *colonizers* — reassuring to *anti-imperialists* (helped delegitimize the old empires and opened the road to eventual *national independence* for millions of subjects | 13 | |
| 8285351916 | Other points of the FPA | - *Self-determination* to the *oppressed* (Poles) - 14th point foreshadowed *League of Nations* | 14 | |
| 8285351917 | Issues with the FPA | - Some *Allies didn't like* it - Devout *Republicans* grumbled | 15 | |
| 8285351918 | Cause of the Committee on Public Information | *Mobilizing people's minds for war* in America and abroad | 16 | |
| 8285351919 | Committee on Public Information | - Headed by *George Creel* - Government office during WWI, dedicated to winning *everyday Americans' support* for the *war* effort. Regularly distributed *pro-war propaganda* and set out an army of *"four-minute men"* to rally crowds and deliver *"patriotic pep"* - Different types of propaganda — books, posters, pamphlets, etc. | 17 | |
| 8285351920 | The Kaiser, the Beast of Berlin *and* To Hell with the Kaiser | revealed the kaiser at his worst, made more hatred towards Germans | 18 | |
| 8285351921 | How did George Creel typify American war mobilization? | He relied more on *aroused passion* and *voluntary compliance* than formal laws | 19 | |
| 8285351922 | German Americans | - 8 million, proved to be *loyal* to the US - Some *tarred, feathered, and beaten*; one German socialist was even lynched (and diarrhea epidemics were blamed on them too!) | 20 | |
| 8285351923 | German hatred and things done against German culture/people | - Orchestras didn't present German-composed music - German books removed from library shelves - German classes canceled in HS and colleges - Beer, sauerkraut, and hamburger became "suspects" | 21 | |
| 8285351924 | Espionage Act | *Prohibited interference* with the *draft* and other acts of *national disloyalty*. Created a climate with the Sedition Act unfriendly to civil liberties | 22 | |
| 8285351925 | Sedition Act of 1918 | Law which *punished* people for *aiding the enemy* or *refusing military duty* during WWI | 23 | |
| 8285351926 | The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 reflected: | current fears about Germans and anti-war Americans (especially *Socialists* and people in the *IWW*) | 24 | |
| 8285351927 | Socialists and Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) persecuted | - Eugene V. Debs — convicted under Espionage Act and sentenced to ten years - William D. ("Big Bill") Haywood and 90 associates (IWW) convicted - Any *criticism* of the *government* could be *censored* and *punished* | 25 | |
| 8285351928 | Schenck v. United States | SC affirmed their legality, arguing that *freedom of speech* could be *revoked* when such a speech posed a *"clear and present danger"* to the nation | 26 | |
| 8285351929 | T/F: Wilson prepared for war measures far in advance | False, he only belatedly backed measures for war | 27 | |
| 8285351930 | Council of National Defense | Appointed by Wilson, study problems of economic mobilization | 28 | |
| 8285351931 | Shipbuilding program | (Capture belligerents' war-disputed foreign trade as to anticipate American's possible entry into the war) endorsed increase army | 29 | |
| 8285351932 | Obstacles for economic mobilization | - *Ignorance* -> No one knew how much steel or explosive powder the country was able to produce - *Old ideas* (traditional fears of big government efforts to conduct economy from DC) -> States' rights Democrats and business people | 30 | |
| 8285351933 | War Industries Board | - Led by *Bernard Baruch* appointed by *Wilson* - Set a precedent for the fed govt to take a *central role* in *economic planning* and in moments of *crisis* - After armistice, Americans returned to laissez-faire and weak central govt — Great Depression of 1930s, policymakers would look at agencies like these for *models* -- Definition: Coordinated *industrial production* during WWI, setting production *quotas*, *allocating* raw materials, and pushing companies to increase efficiency and eliminate waste. Industrial production increased 20% during war | 31 | |
| 8285351934 | "Labor Will Win the War" | Made many Americans work to victory | 32 | |
| 8285351935 | "Work or fight" | (1918) Threatened any unemployed male with being immediately drafted | 33 | |
| 8285351936 | National War Labor Board | (Taft) Exercised itself to prevent labor *disputes* that might *hamper* the *war* effort. Pursued employers to grant *concessions to labor* (high wages and 8-hour day) *Didn't* give a government *guarantee* of the right to *organize* into unions | 34 | |
| 8285351937 | The ______ supported the war | AFL | 35 | |
| 8285351938 | Industrial Workers of the World | - Did not support the war, known as "Wobblies" -- Def: Radical organization that sought to build *"one big union"* and advocated *industrial sabotage* in defense of that goal. Appealed to *migratory workers* in agriculture and lumbering and to *miners* (suffered from poor working conditions) | 36 | |
| 8285351939 | Mainstream labor's loyalty — how was it rewarded? | AFL doubled its membership, and *real wages* (after adjusting for inflation) had *risen* more than 20% over pre-war levels | 37 | |
| 8285351940 | Labor grievances | - *No* right to *organize* yet - Wartime *inflation* threatened to *lower wage gains* - Not even *patriotism* and Wilsonian *idealism* could defuse labor disputes | 38 | |
| 8285351941 | Great Steel Strike of 1919 | - 250k+ steelworkers went on strike to get the *right to organize* and *bargain* - Steel companies resisted, hired 30k *Af-Am strikebreakers * - Bitter confrontations left more than a dozen workers dead, steel strike collapsed, setback *crippled union movement* for more than a decade | 39 | |
| 8285351942 | Af-Am workers | - 1919 strikebreakers were a fraction of the S blacks *drawn to N* in wartime — foreshadowed large trek that would grow into a large movement - Appearance of them sparked *interracial violence* | 40 | |
| 8285351943 | East St. Louis riots | Outbreak of *labor* and *race* violence that lead to 9 whites and 40 blacks dead | 41 | |
| 8285351944 | Chicago riot | - *Racial tension* from growing *black population expanding* into white working-class neighborhoods and being *strikebreakers* in meatpacking plants - July 1919 on a beach, reign of terror went for two weeks - Killed 15 whites and 23 blacks | 42 | |
| 8285351945 | Women working (again) | Female workers went into *factories* and *fields* to *take jobs* occupied by *men* who left for *war* | 43 | |
| 8285351946 | How did war split feminism? | - Many were *pacifists* (America and women in war effort) -> *National Woman's Party* by *Alice Paul*: protested Wilson with marches and hunger strikes - NAWSA supported it: argued that women must *take part* in the *war effort* to earn a role in *shaping the peace*. Fight for democracy *abroad* would *benefit* it *domestically* | 44 | |
| 8285351947 | Suffrage fight | - Wilson endorsed woman suffrage as *"a vitally necessary war measure"* — impressed by women's work - 1917 - NY, MI, OK, and SD (NY first, others followed) gave women suffrage - 1918 - GB, Austria, Hungary, and Germany — women suffrage | 45 | |
| 8285351948 | Nineteenth Amendment | 1920 - gave all women the right to vote | 46 | |
| 8285351949 | Economic negatives of war | - Most *women workers gave up* their *war jobs* - Congress supported *role of women* in the *house* | 47 | |
| 8285351950 | Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act of 1921 | - Provided *federally financed instruction* in *maternal* and *infant* health care - Act also expanded the *power* of *fed govt* in family welfare | 48 | |
| 8285351951 | Reforms even after the 19th Amendment | Wanted *more laws* to *protect women* in the workplace and *prohibit child labor* | 49 | |
| 8285351952 | WWI efforts foreshadowed: | when women's wage-labor and political power would reshape the American way of life | 50 | |
| 8285351953 | Characteristics of the war economy | - *Mobilization* relied on *patriotism and law* - *Voluntary* organization - *Safe distance* and government powers in the US - Government took *greater command* of the nation's *resources* to secure an Allied victory | 51 | |
| 8285351954 | Food Administration | - Led by *Herbert C. Hoover*, America had to *feed itself* and its *allies* - *Didn't like compulsory* things, wanted *voluntary* - *Didn't issue ration cards* — used *propaganda* "Meatless Tuesdays" and "Wheatless Wednesdays" | 52 | |
| 8285351955 | Prohibition | - Congress restricted the use of foodstuffs for alcohol — discipline from war helped advance temperance - Leading *brewers* were also *German* (anti-German) - *18th Amendment* (1919) Prohibited all alcoholic drinks | 53 | |
| 8285351956 | Hoover's approach was a success. Explain the consequences/effects of it | - *Farm production increased* by ¼, food exports to Allies tripled - *Imitated* by other agencies (Fuel Administration) - Treasury Department sponsored *parades* (Victory Loan) — $21 billion (⅔ cost of war) | 54 | |
| 8285351957 | Bonds | People used pressure to convince reluctant investors (often roughly handled) | 55 | |
| 8285351958 | Effect of voluntary means of mobilizing the economy | - *Expanded* the *federal government* in *size and power* - *War Industries Board* issued production quotas, allocated raw materials, and set prices for government purchases - *Fed. government* took over *RRs* in late 1917 (traffic) - Daylight savings time | 56 | |
| 8285351959 | American force in France | - April and May 1917 - European allies said they'd need a large *American army raised*, or the whole *western front would collapse* (would ship war materials and loans) - *Wilson* reluctantly went to *conscription* |  | 57 |
| 8285351960 | Selective Service Act of 1917 | *Required registration* of all males between 18-45 — *no purchasing exemption* or hiring a substitute (excluded men in shipbuilding). Met protest in Congress | 58 | |
| 8285351961 | Effect of the SSA | Worked effectively, no shedding of blood — did have 337k "slackers" and 4k excused | 59 | |
| 8285351962 | Army size and characteristics | - 4 million men, *women admitted* for the *first time* - *Af-Ams segregated* and under white officers -> Racism — *authorities hesitated* to *train black men* for combat, and most assigned to "construction battalions" or unloading ships - *Supposed to* get 6 months of *training* in the US and 2 months overseas — highly needed and most *didn't get any* | 60 | |
| 8285351963 | Russia's collapse | - *Bolsheviks withdrew* from the war in early 1918 - Made hundreds of thousands of Germans go against France | 61 | |
| 8285351964 | German calculations | - Counted on *destroying Britain* 6 months after declaration of *unlimited U-boats* - Inability of *Americans* to transport their army (shipping shortages) | 62 | |
| 8285351965 | American doughboys | - Went in France, used as *replacements for Allied armies* and deployed in *quiet sectors* with British and French - French women! - Suffered from *disease* | 63 | |
| 8285351966 | American operations not in France | - Belgium, Italy, and Russia - *Archangel*: Hoped to keep *stores of weapons* from *falling* into *German* hands when *Russia stopped fighting*, Allied invasion of N. Russia - *Siberia*: Prevent* Japan *from getting a stranglehold on Siberia, *rescue Czechoslovak troops*, and get *military supplies* from Russia - Both were *bloody* | 64 | |
| 8285351967 | German drive on the Western front | - 500k troops - Allied troops united under *French marshal Foch* | 65 | |
| 8285351968 | Château-Thierry | (1918) The *first significant engagement* of *American troops* in WWI and in any European war. To weary French soldiers, the *American doughboys* were an image of fresh and gleaming youth. It was now clear that America > Russia | 66 | |
| 8285351969 | Second Battle of the Marne | - German force ←→ American men in Foch counteroffensive - Marked *beginning of German withdrawal* never reversed | 67 | |
| 8285351970 | Battle of Saint-Mihiel | Nine American divisions on 12 Sept 1918 joined four French divisions to *push Germans* from the *St. Mihiel salient*, a German dagger in France's flank | 68 | |
| 8285351971 | General John J. ("Black Jack") Pershing | Americans wanted a separate army, so he was assigned an 85 mile front | 69 | |
| 8285351972 | Meure-Argonne offensive | (26 Sept to 11 Nov 1918) - *Pershing* led American troops in this effort to *cut the German railroad lines* supplying the western front. It was one of the *few major battles* that *Americans* participated in during the entire war and was still underway when the war ended - *Alvin C. York* became a hero when he single-handedly killed 20 Germans and captured 132 more - Running *low on supplies*, *allies deserting* them though - *Propaganda* came along too (Wilsonian promises) | 70 | |
| 8285351973 | German surrender | Wanted peace with Wilson — Wilson said the *kaiser* must be *thrown overboard* -> Kaiser *fled to Holland* | 71 | |
| 8285351974 | America at German surrender | - *Rejoiced* - Costs: 9 million soldiers, 20 million wounded, 30 million from influenza from 1918-1919 — 550k Americans from the flu | 72 | |
| 8285351975 | US' main contributions to the ultimate victory | - *Foodstuffs, munitions*, credits, *oil*, and *manpower* — *not battlefield victories* - The *prospect* of endless US troops, *not* the *performance*, demoralized Germans | 73 | |
| 8285351976 | How did Pershing depend more on Allies than they depended on him? | - Army purchased more of its supplies from Europe than it shipped from the US (aircraft, artillery, etc.) - British and French transported majority of doughboys to Europe | 74 | |
| 8285351977 | Expectations of Wilson — why? | Became a *moral leader* with the prestige of victory and economic resources | 75 | |
| 8285351978 | Peace at Paris | - *Wilson broke* the *truce* by personally appealing for a *Democratic victory* in the congressional elections of Nov 1918 - *Backfired* when voters returned narrow *Republican majority* to Congress - Went to *Paris* as a diminished *leader* | 76 | |
| 8285351979 | Wilson's decision to go in person to Paris brought issues — why? | - Looked like an ostentatious *grandstanding* - Wilson *ignored Senate* in assembling his peace delegation and *neglected* to include a *single Republican* senator in his official party | 77 | |
| 8285351980 | Henry Cabot Lodge vs Wilson | Hated each other | 78 | |
| 8285351981 | Welcoming of Wilson by different countries | - Welcomed by the French, English, and Italians - *Statesman* of France and Italy afraid he would *incite* an *overthrow* | 79 | |
| 8285351982 | Paris Conference | - *"The Big Four"* — Wilson, Premier Vittorio Orlando, Prime Minister David Lloyd George, and Premier Georges Clemenceau ("the Tiger" and "organizer of victory") - *Speed* was urgent (anarchy and communism) | 80 | |
| 8285351983 | League of Nations | - A world *organization* of *national governments* proposed by *Wilson* and established by the *Treaty of Versailles* in 1919. Despite emotional appeals by Wilson, *isolationists' objections* to the League created the *major obstacle* to American *signing* of the Treaty of Versailles - *Victors* would *not take possession* of the conquered *territory* but would receive it as *trustees* of the LoN | 81 | |
| 8285351984 | Senate storms over the LoN | - *Republican* senators saw the League as *useless* or over-potent - Composed of *irreconcilables* | 82 | |
| 8285351985 | Irreconcilables | Led by Senators *William Borah* of Idaho and *Hiram Johnson* of California, this was a hard-core group of *militant isolationists* who *opposed the LoN* after WWI. Their efforts played an important part in *preventing American participation* in the international organization | 83 | |
| 8285351986 | Saar Valley and Rhineland | - French wanted it (Saar = coal) - *Wilsonian opposition*, *compromise* would make Saar under LoN, and a treaty after 15 years by pop. vote would decide its fate - France got the *Security Treaty* - Pact rejected by US Senate | 84 | |
| 8285351987 | Security Treaty | After the *French* had to give up the Saar Valley, this treaty stated that Britain and America were pledged to *come to its aid* in the event of another German invasion | 85 | |
| 8285351988 | Fiume (seaport) in Italy | Wilson insisted it goes to Yugoslavia (upset Italians) | 86 | |
| 8285351989 | Shandong Peninsula and German Islands in the Pacific | - *Japan* got the *German islands*, but *Wilson* opposed control of *Shandong* (violated self-determination) - Japanese threatened to walk out -> Wilson *compromised* (get Shandong later -> Upset the Chinese | 87 | |
| 8285351990 | Treaty of Versailles | *Concluded WWI* — secured *peace* but imposed *sharp terms* on *Germany* and created a *territorial mandate* system to manage former colonies of the world powers. To Wilson's discontent, it *incorporated very few* of his original *14 Points*, although it did *include the LoN* that Wilson had long sought. *Isolationists* in the US, deeply opposed to the LoN, led the *opposition* to the treaty, which was *never ratified* by the *Senate* | 88 | |
| 8285351991 | The Allies were often sanctioned by: | secret treaties | 89 | |
| 8285351992 | Effects of the Treaty of Versailles | - *Wilson* now a *fallen idol* condemned by *liberals* and *imperialists* alike - *Liberation* of millions of *minority peoples* (Poles) from dynasties - Turned out to be fairer because he had gone to Paris | 90 | |
| 8285351993 | In the early times of the Treaty, opposition was: | not major | 91 | |
| 8285351994 | Senator Lodge and his actions towards the Treaty | - Wanted to *Americanize* it to that the *Republicans* could claim political credit for the changes - Read the 264-page treaty aloud in the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and allowed people to *share* their *grievances* | 92 | |
| 8285351995 | Presidential tour | - Sept 1919 began — Wilson - *MW* received Wilson *"lukewarmly"* due to German American influence. Borah and Johnson (later) came and influenced crowds to "Impeach him!" - *Rocky Mtns and Pacific Coast* — elected him in 1916 election, *openly welcomed him* - *Pueblo, Colorado* — cried pleading for LoN as real hope of preventing future wars → *collapsed* from physical and nervous exhaustion - *Stroke*, did not meet with his cabinet for more than 7 months | 93 | |
| 8285351996 | Lodge's fourteen formal reservations | Came up with it to the treaty, which *reserved* the rights of the US under the *Monroe Doctrine* and *Constitution* to protect American *sovereignty* | 94 | |
| 8285351997 | Article X of the LoN | Morally bound US to aid any member victimized by external aggression -> Congress wanted war-declaring power | 95 | |
| 8285351998 | Lodge reservations in Senate | - *Wilson* asked *Democrats* to *vote against* the treaty - *Rejected* (with irreconcilables) 55-39 - *No simple majority* could be agreed upon - Treaty *failed* to get *⅔ majority* (but did get simple majority) and was thus *not passed* | 96 | |
| 8285351999 | Who defeated the Treaty? | - *Lodge-Wilson* personal feud, traditionalism, *isolationism*, disillusionment, and partisanship - Wilson asked for all or nothing and got nothing | 97 | |
| 8285352000 | Solemn referendum | Wilson's *belief* that the presidential *election* of 1920 should constitute a direct *popular vote* on the *League of Nations* | 98 | |
| 8285352001 | Republican "platform" (1920) | - Old Guard and bull moosers (TR died in 1919) - *Teeter-totter* rather than a platform — appeal to *pro-League* and *anti-League* - Elected *Warren G. Harding* | 99 | |
| 8285352002 | Room 404 of the Hotel Blackstone | Group of Senate bosses decided on Harding and Governor Calvin ("Silent Cal" Coolidge") | 100 | |
| 8285352003 | Democrat convention/platform | - Governor *James M. Cox* and *Franking D. Roosevelt* - Wanted to make the campaign a *referendum* on the *League* - *Harding* made *contradictory statements* - *Pro-League* and *anti-League Republicans* said it would *advance their cause* and he would work for an *Association of Nations* (not League) | 101 | |
| 8285352004 | Election of 1920 | - Newly *enfranchised women* — 7 million votes more for Harding - The people wanted *"normalcy"* (no idealism, do-goodism, no moral overstrain, and no self-sacrifice) - *Republican isolationists* turned Harding's victory into a death blow for the League | 102 | |
| 8285352005 | Would the League have prevented WWII? | - Yes - would have made a "UN" before the UN - No - Allies seemed to be blamed but accused the US | 103 | |
| 8285352006 | Senate spurning the Security Treaty with France | - *French* built up strong *military force* for fear of Germans - Germany rearmed illegally - *Uncertainty and suspicion* that led to hitler | 104 | |
| 8285352007 | Faults of the US in WWI | - Would have behooved the US to assume its war-born *responsibilities* and embraced the *role of a global leader* - Should have used its *strength* to *shape events* - Instead led to another world war... | 105 |
