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| 13150295925 | London Economic Conference | A sixty-six nation economic conference organized to stabilize international currency rates. Franklin Roosevelt's decision to revoke American participation contributed to a world deepening economic crisis. | 0 | |
| 13150295926 | Good Neighbor Policy | A departure from the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, the Good Neighbor Policy stressed nonintervention in Latin America. It was begun by Herbert Hoover but associated with Franklin D. Roosevelt. | 1 | |
| 13150295927 | Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act | This Act reversed traditional high-protective-tariff policies by allowing the president to negotiate lower tariffs with trade partners, without senate approval, its chief architect was secretary of state Cordell Hull, who believed that tariff barriers choked off foreign trade. | 2 | |
| 13150295928 | Rome-Berlin Axis | Nazi-Germany, under Adolf Hitler, and Fascist Italy, led by Benito Mussolini, allied themselves under this nefarious treaty. The pact was signed after both countries had intervened on behalf of the Fascist leader Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War. | 3 | |
| 13150295929 | Johnson Debt Default Act | Steeped in ugly memories of World War I, this spiteful act prevented debt-ridden nations from borrowing further from the United States. | 4 | |
| 13150295930 | Neutrality Act of 1935, 1936, and 1937 | Short-sighted acts passed to prevent American participation in a European War. Among other restrictions, they prevented Americans from selling munitions to foreign belligerents. | 5 | |
| 13150295931 | Abraham Lincoln Brigade | Idealistic American volunteers who served in the Spanish Civil War, defending Spanish republican forces from the fascist Francisco Franco's nationalist coup. Some three-thousand Americans served alongside volunteers from other countries. | 6 | |
| 13150295932 | Quarantine Speech | An important speech delivered by Franklin Roosevelt in which he called for "positive endeavors" to "quarantine" land-hungry dictators through economic embargoes. The speech flew in the face of isolationist politicians. | 7 | |
| 13150295933 | Appeasement | The policy followed by leaders of Britain and France at the 1938 conference in Munich. Their purpose was to avoid war, but they allowed Germany to take the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia. | 8 | |
| 13150295934 | Hitler-Stalin Pact | Treaty signed on August 23, 1939, in which Germany and the Soviet Union agreed not to fight each other. The fateful agreement paved the way for German aggression against Poland and the Western Democracies. | 9 | |
| 13150295935 | Neutrality Act of 1939 | This act stipulated that European democracies might buy American munitions, but only if they could pay for them in cash and transport them in their own ships, a policy known as "cash-and-carry." It represented an effort to avoid war debts and protect American arms-carriers from torpedo attacks. | 10 | |
| 13150295936 | Kristallnacht | German for "night of broken glass," it refers to the murderous pogrom that destroyed Jewish businesses and synagogues and sent thousands to concentration camps on the night of November 9, 1938. Thousands more attempted to find refuge in the United States but were ultimately turned away due to restrictive immigration laws. | 11 | |
| 13150295937 | War Refuge Board | A U.S. agency formed to help rescue Jews from German-occupied territories and to provide relief for inmates of Nazi concentration camps. The agency performed noble work, but it did not begin operations until very late in the war, after million had already been murdered. | 12 | |
| 13150295938 | Lend-Lease Bill | Based on the motto "send guns, not sons," that law abandoned former pretenses of neutrality by allowing Americans to sell unlimited supplies of arms to any nation defending itself against the Axis Powers. Patriotically numbered 1776, the bill was praised as a device for keeping the nation out of World War II. | 13 | |
| 13150295939 | Atlantic Charter | Meeting on a warship off the coast of Newfoundland in August 1941, Franklin Roosevelt and prime minister Winston Churchill signed this covenant outlining the future path for disarmament, peace, and the founding of the United Nations and raised awareness of the human rights of individuals after World War II. | 14 | |
| 13150295940 | Pearl Harbor | An American naval base in Hawaii where Japanese war planes destroyed numerous ships and caused three thousand casualties on December 7, 1941 - a day that, in President Roosevelt's words, was to "live in infamy." the attack brought the United States into World War II. | 15 | |
| 13150295941 | Benito Mussolini | This Fascist took power in Italy in 1922. | 16 | |
| 13150295942 | Adolf Hitler | This man rose to power in Germany in 1933. He rose to power by discussing hatred toward the Allies over the Treaty of Versailles and talked about the unemployment that came with the depression. Germany had fallen behind, and they saw no other hope for escape from the Great Depression and from national disgrace. He withdrew from the League of Nations in 1933 and began illegally rearming Germany in 1936. | 17 | |
| 13150295943 | Francisco Franco | This man started an uprising against Madrid, leading to the 1936-1939 Spanish Civil War. | 18 | |
| 13150295944 | Cordell Hull | Secretary of State under Franklin Delano Roosevelt, in charge of diplomatic relations with Japan prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor. Negotiated pacts with 21 countries by the end of 1939. These pacts were essentially trade agreements that stated if the United States lowered its tariff, then the other country would do the same. | 19 | |
| 13150295945 | Wendell L. Wilkie | A presidential election got in the way of focusing on WWII. The Republicans nominated this man, who up until recently was a political nobody. He wasn't against the New Deal, like the Republican platform suggested, but rather its inefficiencies. FDR broke tradition by running for a third term. This man ran a campaign similar to that of William Jennings Bryan, making over 500 speeches around the country. FDR ended up winning the election, shattering the two term tradition. | 20 |
