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| 135186351 | Population Revolution | Huge growth in population in western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization. | |
| 135186352 | Protoindustrialization | Preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers became full- or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial Revolution. | |
| 135186353 | American Revolution | Rebellion of the British American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States. (nothing really changed in American society; go from Monarchy to Republic) upset about tax; upset mainly about rights to make money; British thought that America was already free. | |
| 135186354 | French Revolution | Overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon's French empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe. (get rid of Monarchy; gave every male person the right to vote (America only gave certain white men) very idealistic in the beginning; tried to kick Christianity out of the country brought in Deism- that there is a God but he just sits back and lets things happen). The Bastille became the symbol (July 14). | |
| 135186355 | Louis XVI | Bourbon rule of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution. | |
| 135186356 | Declaration of the Knights of Man and the Citizen | Adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements. | |
| 135186357 | Guillotine | Introduced as a method of "humane" execution; used during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror. | |
| 135186358 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815. | |
| 135186359 | Congress of Vienna | Met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power. | |
| 135186360 | Liberalism | Political ideology that flourished in 19th- century western Europe; stressed limited stated interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments. | |
| 135186361 | Radicals | Followers of a 19-century Western European political emphasis; advocated broader voting rights than liberals did; urged reforms favoring the lower classes. | |
| 135186362 | Socialism | Political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class. | |
| 135186363 | Nationalism | European 19th-century viewpoint; often allied with other "isms"; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on ethnic origins. | |
| 135186364 | Greek Revolution | Rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the Turkish Balkan Empire. | |
| 135186365 | French Revolution of 1830 | Second revolution against the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement that created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy. | |
| 135186366 | Belgian Revolution of 1830 | Produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a constitutional monarchy. | |
| 135186367 | Reform Bill of 1832 | British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class. | |
| 135186368 | James Watt | Decided a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution. | |
| 135186369 | Factory system | Intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline. | |
| 135186370 | Luddites | Workers in Britain who responded to the replacement of their labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy machines; named after the fictional worker Ned Ludd. | |
| 135186371 | Chartist movement | Unsuccessful attempt by British artisans and workers to gain the vote during the 1840s. | |
| 135186372 | French Revolution of 1848 | Overthrew the French monarchy established in 1830; briefly established the Second French Republic. | |
| 135631981 | Revolutions of 1848 | The nationalist and liberal movements in Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary; after temporary success they were suppressed. | |
| 135631982 | Louis Pasteur | Discoverer of germs and of the purifying process named after him. | |
| 135631983 | Benjamin Disraeli | British politician; granted the vote to working-class men in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stability through reform. | |
| 135631984 | Count Camillo di Cavour | Architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the king of Piedmont. | |
| 135631985 | Otto von Bismarck | Conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; used liberal reforms to maintain stability. | |
| 135631986 | American Civil War (1861-1865) | Fought to prevent secession of the sourthern states; the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the Industrial Revolution; reuslted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the United States. | |
| 135631987 | Social Question | Issues relating to workers and women in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870. | |
| 135631988 | Karl Marx | German socialst who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the ineviabilty of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship. (some called him the father of communism) | |
| 135631989 | Revisionism | Socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achived through existing political institutions. | |
| 135631990 | Feminist movement | Sought legal and economic gains for women, among the equal access to professional and higher education; came to consentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle-class women. | |
| 135631991 | Mass leisure culture | an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacations trips and team sports. | |
| 135631992 | Charles Darwin | Biologist who developed the theory of evolution of species; argued that all living forms evolved throught the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival. | |
| 135631993 | Albert Einstein | Formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; in about 1900 issued the theory of relativity. | |
| 135631994 | Sigmund Freud | Viennese physician who developed theories of the working of the human subconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses. | |
| 135631995 | Romanticism | 19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were keys to the mysteries of human experiance and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflections. (against IR) | |
| 135631996 | Triple Alliance | Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European balance of power system before WWI. | |
| 135631997 | Triple Entente | Agreement between Britian, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before WWI. | |
| 135631998 | Balkan nationalism | Movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system that ended with the outbreak of WWI. | |
| 135631999 | Industrial Revolution | Series of changes in economy of Western nations between 1740 and 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, commercial revolution in 17th century, devolpment of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production. | |
| 135632000 | Age of Revolution | Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848. | |
| 135632001 | Nationalism | Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe; often allied with other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective unity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin. | |
| 135632002 | Conservative | Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of the church. | |
| 135632003 | Imperialism | The policy of expanding national territory through colonization and conquest. | |
| 135632004 | Sepoys | Indian troops, trained in European style, serving the French and British. | |
| 135632005 | Raj | The British political establishment in India. | |
| 135632006 | Plassey (1757) | Battle between the troops of the British East India Company and an Indian army under Siraj-ud-daula, ruler of Bengal; British victory gave them control of Northeast India. | |
| 135632007 | Robert Clive | Architect of British victory at Plassey; established foundations of the Raj in northern India. | |
| 135632008 | Presidencies | Three districts that comprised the bulk of British-ruled territories in India during the early 19th century; capitals at Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay. | |
| 135632009 | Princely states | Ruled by Indian princes allied with the Raj; agents of the East India Company were stationed at their courts to ensure loyalty. | |
| 135766325 | Nabobs | Name given to Britons who went to India to make fortunes through graft and exploitation; returned to Britain to live richly. (Similar to carpetbaggers) | |
| 135766326 | Charles Cornwallis | British official who reformed East India Company corruption during the 1790's. | |
| 135766327 | Isandhlwana (1879) | Zulu defeat of a British army; one of the few indigenous victories over 19th-century European armies. | |
| 135766328 | Tropical dependencies | Western Europe possessions in Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific where small numbers of Europeans ruled large indigenous populations. | |
| 135766329 | White dominions | A type of settlement colony, such as those in North America and Australia, where European settlers made up the majority of the population. | |
| 135766330 | Settler colonies | Colonies, such as those in South Africa, New Zealand, Algeria, Kenya, and Hawaii, where minority European populations lived among majority indigenous peoples. | |
| 135766331 | White racial supremacy | Belief in the inherent superiority of whites over the rest of humanity; peaked in the period before WWI. | |
| 135766332 | Great Trek | Migration into the South Africa interior of thousands of Afrikaners seeking to escape British control. | |
| 135766333 | Boer republics | Independent states-Orange Free State and Transvaal-established during the 1850s in the South African interior by Afrikaners/ | |
| 135766334 | Cecil Rhodes | British entrepreneur in South Africa; manipulated political situations to gain entry to the diamonds and gold discovered in the Boer republics. | |
| 135766335 | Boer War (1899-1902) | Fought between the British and Afrikaners; British victory and postwar policies left the African population of South Africa under Afrikaner control. | |
| 135766336 | James Cook | His voyages to Hawaii from 1777 to 1779 opened the islands to the West. | |
| 135766337 | Kamehameha | Hawaiian prince; with British backing he created a unified kingdom by 1810; promoted the entry of Western ideas in commerce and social relations. | |
| 135766338 | Great Mahele | Hawaiian edict issued in 1848 that imposed Western property concepts that resulted in much Hawaiian land passed to Western commercial interests. | |
| 135766339 | Ram Mohum Roy | Western-educated Indian leader, early 19th century; cooperated with British to outlaw sati. | |
| 135766340 | Natal | British colony in South Africa; developed after Boer trek north from Cape Colony; major commercial outpost of Durban. | |
| 135766341 | Nationalism | Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe; often allied with other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin. |
