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| 62229319 | Population revolution: | huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50 percent, England and Prussia 100 percent. | 0 | |
| 62229320 | French Revolution | revolution in France between 1789 and 1800; resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarch and old regimes; ended with establishment of French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte; source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe. | 1 | |
| 62229321 | Guillotine | introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized to execute thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror. | 2 | |
| 62229322 | Radicals | political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower classes. | 3 | |
| 62229323 | French Revolution of 1830 | second rebellion against Bourbon monarch; essentially a liberal movement resulting in the creation of a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy. | 4 | |
| 62229324 | Industrial Revolution | series of changes in economy of Western Europe between 1740 and 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agriculture productivity, commercial revolution of 17th century, and development of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production. | 5 | |
| 62229325 | Factory system | not to be confused with the fortified ports of the commercial revolution; intensification of process of production at single sites during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and firmer discipline. | 6 | |
| 62229326 | French Revolution of 1848 | overthrew the monarch established in 1830; briefly established a democratic republic; failure of the republic led to the reestablishment of the French Empire under Napoleon III in 1850. | 7 | |
| 62229327 | Benjamin Disraeli | leading conservative political figure in Britain in the second half of the 19th century; took initiative of granting vote to working-class males in 1867; typical of conservative politician making use of popular politics. | 8 | |
| 62229328 | American Civil War | fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in the united States and reunification in North and South. | 9 | |
| 62229329 | Revisionism | socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions. | 10 | |
| 62229330 | Charles Darwin | biologist who developed theory of evolution of species (1859); argued that all living species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival. | 11 | |
| 62229331 | Romanticism | artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection. | 12 | |
| 62229332 | Proto-industrialization | preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full or part time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution. | 13 | |
| 62229333 | Louis XVI | Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution. | 14 | |
| 62229334 | Napoleon Bonaparte | rose within the French army during the wars of the French Revolution; eventually became general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution and established the French Empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815. | 15 | |
| 62229335 | Nationalism | political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe in the 19th century; often allied with one of other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin. | 16 | |
| 62229336 | Belgian Revolution | produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a liberal constitutional monarchy. | 17 | |
| 62229337 | James Watt | devised a steam engine in 1770's during the Industrial Revolution that could be used for production; steam engine was utilized for textile industries, mining, and railroads. | 18 | |
| 62229338 | Luddites | workers in Britain (1810-1820) who responded to replacement of human labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy the machines; named after a mythical leader, Ned Ludd. | 19 | |
| 62229339 | Louis Pasteur | discoverer of germs; discovery led to more conscientious sanitary regulation by the 1880s. | 20 | |
| 62229340 | Count Camillio di Cavour | architect of Italian unification in 1858 formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of northern Italy; resulted in creation of constitutional monarchy under Piedmonteste king. | 21 | |
| 62229341 | The social question | issues relating to repressed classes in Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution, particularly workers and women; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870. | 22 | |
| 62229342 | Feminist movement | sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access for professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class women; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in 1960s. | 23 | |
| 62229343 | Albert Einstein | developed mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; after 1900 issued theory of relativity. | 24 | |
| 62229344 | Triple Alliance | alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I. | 25 | |
| 62229345 | American Revolution: | rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of the United States of America. | 26 | |
| 62229346 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution; stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens; later became a political source for other liberal movements. | 27 | |
| 62229347 | Liberals | political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments. | 28 | |
| 62229348 | Greek Revolution | rebellion in Greece against the ottomans empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans. | 29 | |
| 62229349 | Reform bill of 1832 | legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain. | 30 | |
| 62229350 | Demographic transition | shift to low birth rate, low infant death rate, stable population; first emerged in Western Europe and U.s. in late 19the century. | 31 | |
| 62229351 | Chartist movement | attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840's; demands for reform beyond the Reform act of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed. | 32 | |
| 62229352 | Triple Entente | alliance among Britain, Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I. | 33 | |
| 62229353 | Otto von Bismarck | conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under Prussian king in 1870; utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes. | 34 | |
| 62229354 | Karl Marx | German socialist of the mid-19th century; blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship. | 35 | |
| 62229355 | Mass leisure culture | an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theatre, vacation trips, and team sports. | 36 | |
| 62229356 | Sigmund Freud | Viennese physician; developed theories of the workings of the human unconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses. | 37 |
