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| 56520892 | Toussaint L'Overture | Leader of the slave rebellion on the French island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to the creation of the independent republic of Haiti in 1804 | |
| 56520893 | Mask of Ferdinand | Term given to the movements in Latin America allegedly loyal to the deposed Bourbon king of Spain; they actually were Creole movements for independence. | |
| 56520894 | Miguel de Hidalgo | Mexican priest who established an independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810; after early victories he was captured and executed. | |
| 56520896 | Simon Bolívar | Creole military officer in northern South America; won victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822 that led to the independent state of Gran Colombia. | |
| 56520897 | Gran Colombia | Existed as an independent state until 1830 when Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate independent nations | |
| 56520898 | José de San Martín | Leader of movements in Rio de la Plata that led to the independence of the United Republic of Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movements in Chile and Peru | |
| 56520899 | João VI | Portuguese monarch who fled the French to establish his court in Brazil from 1808 to 1820; Rio de Janeiro became the real capital of the Portuguese empire. Pedro I: Son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and became constitutional emperor. | |
| 56520901 | Caudillos | Leaders in independent Latin America who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized the national government | |
| 56520902 | Centralists | Latin American politicians who favored strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by conservative politicians | |
| 56520903 | Federalists | Latin American politicians who favored regional governments rather than centralized administrations; often supported by liberal politicians | |
| 56520904 | Monroe Doctrine | United States declaration of 1823, which stated that any attempt by a European country to colonize the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act | |
| 56520905 | Guano | Bird droppings used as fertilizer; a major Peruvian export between 1850 and 1880. | |
| 56520906 | Antonio López de Santa Anna | Mexican general who seized power after the collapse of the Mexican republic in 1835. | |
| 56520907 | Manifest Destiny | Belief that the United States was destined to rule from the Atlantic to the Pacific. | |
| 56520908 | Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848 | Treaty between the United States and Mexico; Mexico lost one-half of national territory | |
| 56520909 | Benito Juárez | Indian lawyer and politician who led a liberal revolution against Santa Anna; defeated by the French, who made Maximilian emperor; returned to power from 1867 to 1872. | |
| 56520910 | La Reforma | Name of Juárez's liberal revolution | |
| 56520911 | Maximilian von Habsburg | Austrian archduke proclaimed emperor of Mexico as a result of French intervention in 1862; after the French withdrawal he was executed in 1867. | |
| 56520912 | Gauchos | Mounted rural workers in the Rio de la Plata region | |
| 56520914 | Argentine Republic | Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862 as a result of a compromise between centralists and federalists | |
| 56520915 | Fazendas | Coffee estates that spread into the Brazilian interior between 1840 and 1860; caused intensification of slavery. | |
| 56520916 | Modernization theory: | The belief that the more industrialized, urban, and modern a society became, the more social change and improvement were possible as traditional patterns and attitudes were abandoned or transformed. | |
| 56520917 | Dependency theory | The belief that development and underdevelopment were not stages but were part of the same process; that development and growth of areas like western Europe were achieved at the expense of underdevelopment of dependent regions like Latin America. | |
| 56520918 | Porfirio Díaz | One of Juárez's generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876 and dominated politics for 35 years. | |
| 56520919 | Spanish American War | Fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; resulted in annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines; permitted American intervention in the Caribbean. | |
| 56520920 | Panama Canal | The United States supported an independence movement in Panama, then part of Colombia, in return for the exclusive rights for a canal across the Panamanian isthmus. | |
| 56520921 | Mexican-American War | Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces and loss of about one-half of Mexico's national territory to the United States |
