Terms : Hide Images
| 144278323 | Toussaint L'Overture | Leader of the slave rebellion on the French island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to the creation of the independent republic of Haiti in 1804. | |
| 144278324 | Mask of Ferdinand | Term given to the movements in Latin America allegedly loyal to the deposed Bourbon king of Spain; the actually were Creole movements for independence. | |
| 144278325 | Miguel de Hidalgo | Mexican priest who established an independence movement among Indians and mestizos in 1810; after early victories he was captured and executed. | |
| 144278326 | Augustin Iturbide | Conservative Creole officer in the Mexican army who joined the independence movement; made emperor in 1821. | |
| 144278327 | Simon Bolivar | Creole military officer in northern South America; won victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822 that led to the independent state of Gran Colombia. | |
| 144278328 | Jose de San Martin | Leader of movements in Rio de la Plata that led to the independence of the United Republic of Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led to independence movements in Chile and Peru. | |
| 144278329 | Joao VI | Portuguese monarch who fled the French to establish his court in Brazil from 1808 to 1820; Rio de Janeiro became the real capital of the Portuguese empire. | |
| 144278330 | Pedro I | Son and successor of Joao VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence in 1822 and became constitutional emperor. | |
| 144278331 | Andres Santa Cruz | Mestizo general who established a union between independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839. | |
| 144278332 | Caudillos | Leaders in independent Latin America who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized the national government. | |
| 144278333 | Centralists | Latin American politicians who favored strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by liberal politicians. | |
| 144278334 | Federalists | Latin American politicians who favored regional governments rather than centralized administrations; often supported by conservation politicians. | |
| 144278335 | Monroe Doctrine | United States declaration of 1823, which states that any attempt by a European country to colonize the Americans would be considered an unfriendly act. | |
| 144278336 | Guano | Bird droppings used as fertilizer; a major Peruvian export between 1850 and 1880. | |
| 144278337 | Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna | Mexican general who seized power after the collapse of the Mexican republic in 1835.(saw himself as Mexican Napoleon) | |
| 144278338 | Manifest Destiny | Belief that the United States was destined to rule from the Atlantic to the Pacific. | |
| 144278339 | Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848) | Treaty between the United States and Mexico; Mexico lost one-half of national territory. | |
| 144278340 | Benito Juarez | Indian lawyer and politician who led a liberal revolution against Santa Anna; defeated by the French who made Maximilian emperor; returned to power from 1867 to 1872. | |
| 144278341 | La Reforma | Name of Juarez's liberal revolution. | |
| 144278342 | Maximilian von Habsburg | Austrian archduke proclaimed emperor of Mexico as a result of French intervention in 1862; after the French withdrawal he was executed in 1867. | |
| 144278343 | Gauchos | Mounted rural workers in the Rio de la Plata region. | |
| 144278344 | Juan Manuel de Rosas | Federalist leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos, restored local autonomy. | |
| 144278345 | Argentine Republic | Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862 as a result of a compromise between centralists and federalists. | |
| 144278346 | Fazendas | Coffee estates that spread into the Brazilian interior between 1840 and 1860; caused intensification of slavery. | |
| 144278347 | Modernization theory | The belief that the more industrialized, urban, and modern a society became, the more social change and improvement were possible as traditional patterns and attitudes were abandoned or transformed. | |
| 144278348 | Dependency theory | The belief that development and underdevelopment were not stages but were part of the same process; that development and growth of areas like western Europe were achieved at the expense of underdevelopment of dependent regions like Latin America. | |
| 144278349 | Porfirio Diaz | One of Juarez's generals; elected presidents of Mexico in 1876 and dominated politics for 35 years. | |
| 144278350 | Spanish American War | Fought between Spain and the United States beginning in 1898; resulted in annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines; permitted American intervention in the Carribean. | |
| 144278351 | Panama Canal | The United States supported an independence movement in Panama, then part of Colombia, in return for the exclusive rights for a canal across the Panamanian isthmus. | |
| 144829459 | Mexican American War | Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces and loss of about one-half of Mexico's national territory to the United States. | |
| 144829460 | Selim III | Ottoman sultan (1789-1807); attempted to improve administrative efficiency and build a new army and navy; assassinated by Janissaries. | |
| 144829461 | Mahmud II | 19th Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; crushed the Janissaries and initiated reforms based on Western precedents. | |
| 144829462 | Tanzimat reforms | Western-style reforms within the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; included a European-influenced constitution in 1876. | |
| 144829463 | Abdul Hamid | Ottoman sultan (1878-1908) who tried to return to despotic absolutism; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties. | |
| 144829464 | Young Turks | Members of the Ottoman Society for Union and Progress; intellectuals and political agitators seeking the return of the 1876 constitution; gained power through a coup in 1908. | |
| 144829465 | Mamluks | Rulers of Egypt under the Ottomans; defeated by Napoleon in 1798; revealed the vulnerability of the Muslim world. | |
| 144829466 | Muhammad Ali | Controlled Egypt by 1811; began a modernization process based on Western models but failed to greatly change Egypt; died in 1848. | |
| 144829467 | Khedives | Descendants of Muhammad Ali; rulers of Egypt until 1952; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952. | |
| 144829468 | Suez Canal | Built to link the Mediterranean and Red seas; opened in 1869; British later occupied Egypt to safeguard their financial and strategic interests. | |
| 144829469 | al-Afhani and Muhammad Abduh | Muslim thinkers in Egypt during the latter part of the 19th century; stressed the need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology and the importance of rational inquiry within Islam. | |
| 144829470 | Mahdi | Muhammad Achmad, the leader of a Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; began a holy war against the Egyptians and British and founded a state in the Sudan. | |
| 144829471 | Khalifa Abdallahi | Successor of the Mahdi; defeated and killed by British General Kitchener in 1898. | |
| 144829472 | Kangxi | Qing ruler and Confucian scholar (1661-1722); promoted Sinification among the Manchu. | |
| 144829473 | Lin Zexu | 19th-century Chinese official charged during the 1830s with ending the opium trade in southern China; set off the events leading to the Opium war. | |
| 144829474 | Opium War | Fought between Britian and Qing China beginning in 1839 to protect the British trade in opium; British victory demonstrated Western superiority over China. | |
| 144829475 | Taiping Rebellion | Massive rebellion in southern China in the 1850s and 1850s led by Hong Xiuquan; sought to overthrow the Qing dynast and Confucianism. | |
| 144829476 | Cixi | Conservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty. | |
| 144829477 | Boxer Rebellion | Popular outburst aimed at expelling foreigners from China; put down by intervention of the Western powers. | |
| 144829478 | Puyi | Last Qing ruler; deposed in 1912. | |
| 144829479 | Murad | (1790-1820) Head of coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; opposed Napolenic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroyed Mamluk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core. | |
| 144829480 | Khartoum | Nile River town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan. | |
| 144829481 | Banner armies | Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17th century; utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty. | |
| 144829482 | Qing dynasty | Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17th century after decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south. | |
| 144829483 | Hong Xiuguan | (1812-1864) Leader of the Taiping rebellion; converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity; attacked traditional Confucian teachings of Chinese elite. | |
| 144862553 | Holy Alliance | Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of the established order; formed by the most conservative monarchies of Europe during the Congress of Vienna. | |
| 144862554 | Decembrist uprising | Unsuccessful 1825 political revolt in Russia by mid-level army officers advocating reforms. | |
| 144862555 | Crimean War (1854-1856) | Began with a Russian attack on the Ottoman; France and Britain joined on the Ottoman side; resulted in a Russian defeat because of Western industrial might; led to russian reforms under Alexander II. | |
| 144862556 | Emancipation of the serfs | Alexander II in 1861 ended serfdom in Russia; serfs did not obtain political rights and had to pay the aristocracy for lands gained. | |
| 144862557 | Zemstvoes | Local political councils created as part of Alexander II's reforms; gave the middle class progessional experience in government but did not influence national policy. | |
| 144862558 | Trans-Siberian railroad | Constructed during the 1870s and 1880s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; increased the Russian role in Asia. | |
| 144862559 | Intelligentsia | Russian term for articulate intellectuals as a class; desired radical change in the Russian political and economic systems; wished to maintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West. | |
| 144862560 | Anarchists | Political groups that thought the abolition of formal government was a first step to creating a better society; became important in Russia and was the modern world's first large terrorist movement. | |
| 144862561 | Lenin | Russian Marxist leader; insisted on the importance of disciplined revolutionary cells. | |
| 145084728 | Bolsheviks | Literally "majority" party, but actually a political group backed by a minority of the population; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by Lenin. | |
| 145084729 | Russian Revolution of 1905 | Defeat by Japan resulted in strikes by urban workers and insurrections among the peasantry; resulted in temporary reforms. | |
| 145084730 | Duma | Russian national assembly created as one of the reforms after the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Nicholas II. | |
| 145084731 | Kulaks | Agricultural entrepreneurs who used Stolypin reforms to buy more land and increase production. (rich farmers) | |
| 145084732 | Terakoya | Commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa shogunate to teach reading, writing, and Confucian rudiments; by the middle of the 19th century resulted in the highest literacy rate outside of the West. | |
| 145084733 | Dutch studies | Studies of Western science and technology beginning during the 18th century; based on texts available at the Dutch Nagasaki trading center. | |
| 145084734 | Matthew Perry | American naval officer; in 1853 insisted under the threat of bombardment on the opening of ports to American trade. | |
| 145084735 | Meiji restoration | Power of the emperor restored with Emperor Mutsuhito in 1868; took name of Meiji, the Enlightened One; ended shogunate and began a reform period. | |
| 145084736 | Diet | Japanese parliament established as part of the constitution of 1889; able to advise government but not control it. | |
| 145084737 | Zaibatsu | Huge industrial combines created in Japan during the 1890s. | |
| 145084738 | Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) | Fought in Korea between Japan and China; Japanese victory demonstrated its arrival as a new industrial power. | |
| 145084739 | Yellow Peril | Western term for perceived threat from Japanese imperialism. |
