Civilizations in Crisis - The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing Dynasty China
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| 145657962 | Abdul Hamid | Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908. | 0 | |
| 145657963 | Murad | Head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroyed Mamluk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core. | 1 | |
| 145677660 | Muhammad Ali | Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople; died in 1848. | 2 | |
| 145677661 | Qing | Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17th century after decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south. | 3 | |
| 145678879 | Suez Canal | Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; Financed by Europeand investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment. | 4 | |
| 145681388 | Banner armies | Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17th century; utilized to defeated Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty. | 5 |
