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| 128499680 | absolute monarchy | Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies | 0 | |
| 128499681 | Anglican church | Form of protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death | 1 | |
| 128499682 | Jean Calvin | French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America | 2 | |
| 128499683 | Catholic Reformation | Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs | 3 | |
| 128499684 | Copernicus | Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe | 4 | |
| 128499685 | Deism | Concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun | 5 | |
| 128499686 | René Descartes | Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th century); argued that human reason could then developed laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature | 6 | |
| 128499687 | edict of Nantes | Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions | 7 | |
| 128499688 | English Civil War | Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king | 8 | |
| 128499689 | European-stye family | Originated in 15th century among peasants and artisans of western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married | 9 | |
| 128499690 | Frederick the Great | Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy | 10 | |
| 128499691 | Galileo | Published Copernicus's findings (17th century); added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work | 11 | |
| 128499692 | Glorious Revolution | English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king | 12 | |
| 128499693 | Johannes Gutenberg | Introduced movable type to western Europe in the 15th century; greatly expanded the availability of printed books and pamphlets | 13 | |
| 128499694 | William Harvey | English physician (17th century) who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, function of heart as a pump | 14 | |
| 128499695 | humanism | A focus on humanity as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor, the philosophy of the Renaissance | 15 | |
| 128499696 | Jesuits | A new religious order founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia | 16 | |
| 128499697 | John Locke | English philosopher during 17th century; argued that people could learn everything through senses; argued that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants | 17 | |
| 128499698 | Louis XIV | French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy | 18 | |
| 128499699 | Niccolo Machiavelli | Author of The Prince, a realistic discussion of seizing and maintaining power, influential Italian Renaissance author | 19 | |
| 128499700 | Martin Luther | German monk, initiated Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church | 20 | |
| 128499701 | Isaac Newton | English scientist during the 17th century; author of Princi Pia; drew various astronomical and physocal observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; est. principles of motion; defined forces of gravity | 21 | |
| 128499702 | parliamentary monarchy | Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments | 22 | |
| 128499703 | proletariat | Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries | 23 | |
| 128499704 | Protestantism | General wave of religious dissent against the Catholic church; formally began with Martin Luther in 1517, many varieties of religious belief | 24 | |
| 128499705 | Scientific Revolution | Culminated in the 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages | 25 | |
| 128499706 | Adam Smith | Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776); argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces | 26 | |
| 128499707 | Thirty Years' War | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia | 27 | |
| 128499708 | Treaty of Westphalia | Ended Thirty Years' War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic | 28 | |
| 128499709 | witchcraft persecution | Reflected resentment against the poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590-1650; particularly common in Protestant areas | 29 | |
| 128499710 | Mary Wollstonecraft | Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political rights should extend to women | 30 |
