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| 9617530749 | Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile | monarchs of Christian kingdoms; their marriage created the kingdom of Spain; initiated exploration of the New World. | 0 | |
| 9617530750 | Hispaniola | first island in Caribbean settled by Spaniards; first settled by Columbus on his second voyage. | 1 | |
| 9617530751 | encomienda | grant of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies. | 2 | |
| 9617530752 | encomendero | the holder of a grant of Indians who were required to pay tribute or provide labor; responsible for their integration into the church. | 3 | |
| 9617530753 | Bartolomé de las Casas | Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of Native American population, opposed forced labor, and advocated Indian rights. | 4 | |
| 9617530754 | Hernán Cortés | led expedition to Mexico in 1519; defeated Aztec empire and established Spanish colonial rule. | 5 | |
| 9617530755 | Moctezuma II | last independent Aztec ruler; killed during Cortés's conquest. | 6 | |
| 9617530756 | Mexico City | capital of New Spain; built on ruins of Tenochtitlan. | 7 | |
| 9617530757 | New Spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system. | 8 | |
| 9617530758 | Francisco Vácquez de Coronado | led Spanish expedition into the southwestern United States in search of gold. | 9 | |
| 9617530759 | Pedro de Valdivia | Spanish conqueror of Araucanian Indians of Chile; established city of Santiago in 1541. | 10 | |
| 9617530760 | mita | forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects. | 11 | |
| 9617530761 | Potosí | largest New World silver mine; located in Bolivia. | 12 | |
| 9617530762 | Huancavelica | greatest mercury deposit in South America; used in American silver production. | 13 | |
| 9617530763 | haciendas | rural agricultural and herding estates; produced goods for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy. | 14 | |
| 9617530764 | consulado | merchant guild of Seville with a virtual monopoly over goods shipped to Spanish America; handled much of the silver shipped in return. | 15 | |
| 9617530765 | galleons | large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system used for transportation of bullion. | 16 | |
| 9617530766 | Treaty of Tordesillas | concluded in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession; in the New World, Brazil went to Portugal and the rest to Spain. | 17 | |
| 9617530767 | letrados | university-trained lawyers from Spain; basic personnel of the Spanish colonial bureaucratic system. | 18 | |
| 9617530768 | Recopilación | body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish New World possessions; bases of law in the Indies. | 19 | |
| 9617530769 | Council of the Indies | Spanish government body that issued all laws and advised king on all issues dealing with the New World colonies. | 20 | |
| 9617530770 | viceroyalties | major divisions of Spanish New World colonies headed by direct representatives of the king; one based in Lima, the other in Mexico City. | 21 | |
| 9617530771 | viceroys | senior government officials in Spanish America; ruled as direct representatives of the king over the principal administrative units or viceroyalties. | 22 | |
| 9617530772 | audiencia | royal courts of appeals established in Spanish New World colonies; staffed by professional magistrates who made and applied laws. | 23 | |
| 9617530773 | Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz | 17th-century author, poet, and musician of New Spain; gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual matters. | 24 | |
| 9617530774 | Pedro Alvares Cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; landed in Brazil in 1500. | 25 | |
| 9617530775 | captaincies | areas along the Brazilian coast granted to Portuguese nobles for colonial development. | 26 | |
| 9617530776 | Paulistas | backwoodsmen from São Paulo, Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during the 17th century. | 27 | |
| 9617530777 | Minas Gerais | Brazilian region where gold was discovered in 1695; a gold rush followed. | 28 | |
| 9617530778 | Rio de Janeiro | Brazilian port used for mines of Minas Gerais; became capital in 1763. | 29 | |
| 9617530779 | sociedad de castas | Spanish American social system based on racial origins; Europeans on top, mixed races in the middle, Indians and African slaves at the bottom. | 30 | |
| 9617530780 | peninsulares | Spanish-born residents of the New World. | 31 | |
| 9617530781 | Creoles | people of European ancestry born in Spanish New World colonies; dominated local economies; ranked socially below peninsulares. | 32 | |
| 9617530782 | amigos del país | clubs and associations dedicated to reform in Spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvement rather than political reform. | 33 | |
| 9617530783 | War of the Spanish Succession | (1702-1713); wide-ranging war fought between European nations; resulted in the installation of Philip of Anjou as king of Spain. | 34 | |
| 9617530784 | Charles III | Spanish monarch (1759-1788); instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire. | 35 | |
| 9617530785 | José de Galvez | Spanish Minister of the Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminate creoles from the upper colonial bureaucracy; created intendants for local government. | 36 | |
| 9617530786 | Marquis of Pombal | Prime Minister of Portugal (1755-1776); strengthened royal authority in Brazil, expelled the Jesuits, enacted fiscal reforms, and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy. | 37 | |
| 9617530787 | Comunero Revolt | a popular revolt against Spanish rule in New Granada in 1781; suppressed as a result of government concessions and divisions among rebels. | 38 | |
| 9617530788 | Tupac Amaru II | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many in the lower social classes; revolt failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution. | 39 |
