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| 9654777334 | Ottoman dynasty | dynasty founded by Turkic-speaking people who advanced into Asia Minor during the 14th century; the most powerful Islamic empire in history; lasted until the early twentieth century. | 0 | |
| 9654777335 | Safavid dynasty | founded by a Turkic nomad family with Shi'a Islamic beliefs; established a kingdom in Iran and ruled until 1722. | 1 | |
| 9654777336 | Mughal empire | established by Turkic invaders in 1526; endured until the mid-19th century. | 2 | |
| 9654777337 | Ottomans | Turkic-speaking people who advanced into Asia Minor during the 14th century; established an empire in the Middle East, north Africa, and eastern Europe that lasted until after Word War I. | 3 | |
| 9654777338 | Mehmed II | "the Conqueror"; Ottoman sultan; captured Constantinople, 1453, and destroyed the Byzantine Empire. | 4 | |
| 9654777339 | Janissaries | conscripted youths from conquered regions who were trained as Ottoman infantry divisions; became an important political influence after the 15th century. | 5 | |
| 9654777340 | vizier | head of the Ottoman bureaucracy; after the 15th century often more powerful than the sultan. | 6 | |
| 9654777341 | Sail al-Din | eponymous founder of the Safavids, Sufi mystic; leader of the Red Heads. | 7 | |
| 9654777342 | Red Heads | name given to Safavid followers because of their distinctive red headgear. | 8 | |
| 9654777343 | Ismâ'il | Safavid leader; conquered the city of Tabriz in 1501 and was proclaimed shah. | 9 | |
| 9654777344 | Chaldiran | an important battle between the Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Ottoman victory demonstrated the importance of firearms and checked the western advance of the Safavid Shi'a state. | 10 | |
| 9654777345 | Abbas I, the Great | Safavid shah (1587-1629); extended the empire to its greatest extent; used Western military technology. | 11 | |
| 9654777346 | imams | Shi'a religious leaders who traced their descent to Ali's successors. | 12 | |
| 9654777347 | mullahs | religious leaders under the Safavids; worked to convert all subjects to Shi'ism. | 13 | |
| 9654777348 | Isfahan | Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city exemplifying Safavid architecture. | 14 | |
| 9654777349 | Nadir Khan Afshar | emerged following fall of Safavids; proclaims himself shah, 1736. | 15 | |
| 9654777350 | Babur | Turkic leader who founded the Mughal dynasty; died in 1530. | 16 | |
| 9654777351 | Humayn | son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540 but returned to restore the dynasty in 1556. | 17 | |
| 9654777352 | Akbar | son and successor of Humayn; built up the military and administrative structure of the dynasty; followed policies of cooperation and toleration with the Hindu majority. | 18 | |
| 9654777353 | Din-i-Ilahi | religion initiated by Akbar that blended elements of Islam and Hinduism; did not survive his death. | 19 | |
| 9654777354 | Aurangzeb | son and successor of Shah Jahan; pushed extent of Mughal control in India; reversed previous policies to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare depleted the empire's resources; died in 1707. | 20 | |
| 9654777355 | Taj Mahal | mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, built by her husband Shah Jahan; most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India. | 21 | |
| 9654777356 | Nur Jahan | wife of ruler Jahangir who amassed power at the Mughal court and created a faction ruling the empire during the later years of his reign. | 22 | |
| 9654777357 | Mumtaz Mahal | wife of Shah Jahan; took an active political role in Mughal court; entombed in Taj Mahal. | 23 | |
| 9654777358 | Marattas | people of western India; challenged Mughal rule under Aurangzeb. | 24 | |
| 9654777359 | Sikhs | Indian sect, beginning as a synthesis of Hindu and Muslim faiths; pushed to opposition to Muslim and Mughul rule. | 25 |
