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| 131021417 | American Revolution | Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of United States of America | 0 | |
| 131021418 | Belgian Revolution | 1830; sparked by Paris revolts; Congress of Vienna had united Netherlands and Holland; Belgium became independent state after demand by students and workers | 1 | |
| 131021419 | demographic transition | Shift to low birth rate, low infant death rate, stable population; first emerged in western Europe and United States in late 19th century. | 2 | |
| 131021420 | French Revolution | Revolution in France between 1789 and 1800; resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes; ended with establishment of French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte; source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe | 3 | |
| 131021421 | Greek Revolution | Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans. | 4 | |
| 131021422 | guillotine | Introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized to execute thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror. | 5 | |
| 131021423 | Industrial Revolution | Series of changes in economy of Western nations between 1740 and 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, commercial revolution of 17th century, and development of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production | 6 | |
| 131021424 | liberal | Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments. | 7 | |
| 131021425 | Louis XVI | Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution (1792) | 8 | |
| 131021426 | nationalism | a devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation | 9 | |
| 131021427 | proto-industrialization | Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution. | 10 | |
| 131021428 | radical | Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower classes | 11 | |
| 131021429 | James Watt | Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819) | 12 |
