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AP World Chapter 4 Flashcards

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7757972148BuddhaSiddartha Gautama; creator of a major Indian and Asian religion; born in the 6th century B.C.E.; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for earthly things.0
7757972149Alexander the Greatsuccessor of Philip II; successfully conquered the Persian empire prior to his death in 323 B.C.E.; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures.1
7757972150Himalayasmountain region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent.2
7757972151monsoonsseasonal winds crossing Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia; during summer bring rains.3
7757972152Sanskritthe classical and sacred Indian language.4
7757972153Varnasclusters of caste groups in Aryan society; four social castes—brahmans (priests), warriors, merchants, and peasants; beneath four Aryan castes was group of socially untouchable Dasas.5
7757972154Indrachief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior.6
7757972155Chandragupta Mauryafounder of the Mauryan dynasty, the first empire in the Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization.7
7757972156Mauryadynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century B.C.E. following the invasion of Alexander the Great.8
7757972157Ashokagrandson of Chandragupta Maurya; extended conquests of the dynasty; converted to Buddhism and sponsored its spread throughout his empire. dharma: the caste position and career determined by a person's birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one's social position and perform their occupation to the best of one's ability in order to have a better situation in the next life.9
7757972158Kushans (Kush)African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries.10
7757972159Guptasdynasty that succeeded the Kushans in the 3rd century C.E., which included all but southern Indian regions; less centralized than Mauryan Empire.11
7757972160Kautilyapolitical advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; wrote political treatise.12
7757972161gurusoriginally referred to as brahmans, who served as teachers for the princes of the imperial court of the Guptas.13
7757972162Vishnuthe brahman, later Hindu, god of sacrifice; widely worshipped.14
7757972163ShivaHindu god of destruction and reproduction; worshipped as the personification of cosmic forces of change.15
7757972164reincarnationthe successive rebirth of the soul according to merits earned in previous lives.16
7757972165nirvanathe Buddhist state of enlightenment; a state of tranquility.17
7757972166Kamasutrawritten by Vatsayana during Gupta era; offered instructions on all aspects of life for higher-caste males, including grooming, hygiene, etiquette, selection of wives, and lovemaking.18
7757972167stupasstone shrines built to house relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms.19
7757972168scholar-gentryChinese class created by the marital linkage of the local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governors of China.20
7757972169caste systemsocial structure in India; stratification characterized by no social mobility in the current lifetime21
7757972170untouchablesdalits; a class at the bottom of the caste system in India; hey were the most impure people.22
7757972171HinduismA religion native to India, featuring belief in many gods and reincarnation; developed from the Vedic religion23
7757972172DharmaIn Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties24
7757972173BuddhismThe cultural/religious tradition first taught by Siddhartha Gautama25
7757972174jatiSmaller groups within the varnas, organized by occupation26
7757972175yogaa method of training developed by the Hindus that is supposed to lead to oneness with God27
7757972176Bhagavad Gitaa section of the Indian epic "The Mahabharata"28

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